Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 148 healthy volunteers and 75 older patients the physiological aqueous humor secretion was calculated during the afternoon hours (13.00 to 20.00 hours) using the anterior chamber protocol of Fluorotron Master II (Coherent, Palo Alto, USA). Fluorescein eye drops were applied topically to each eye five times, 5 h before measurements. Healthy volunteers as well as patients had no history of ocular pathology, surgery or laser treatment. Further exclusion criteria were hypertension, diabetes, local and systemic drug therapy, neoplasia, kidney or liver diseases, contact lens, ocular trauma. Mean age of volunteers was 26.5 +/- 3.8 years; mean age of patients was 65.5 +/- 10.5 years. The aqueous humor flow in healthy volunteers (mean +/- standard deviation) was 2.26 +/- 1.0 microliters/min and in the older patients 1.91 +/- 1.1 microliters/min. Correlation coefficient between right and left eyes in the younger volunteers: r = 0.8; in the older patients: r = 0.54. The Mann-Whitney-U-test revealed a significant difference comparing mean aqueous humor flow in healthy volunteers with the mean aqueous humor flow in older patients (P < 0.01). The results in our study underline that the mean aqueous secretion does decrease with age of about 2.5% per decade. However, to date we do not know whether eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension show such a decrease in aqueous humor flow with age or whether there is an autoregulation mechanism in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma that decreases aqueous humor secretion in relation to an increase of outflow facility.
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PMID:[Physiologic aging in aqueous humor minute volume of the human eye]. 781 85

We have conducted vitreous fluorophotometry in 32 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients, who did not reveal any pathological changes in ophthalmoscopic examination. Fluorescein disodium salt was administered orally. Permeability index (PI) values were increased in 42% of patients, unilaterally in 80% of them. The results obtained indicate that increased PI values in IDDM patients are an initial symptom of diabetic retinopathy, and may be used as a criterion for IDDM patients qualification into higher risk of diabetic retinopathy groups.
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PMID:[Early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes type I, using vitreous fluorophotometry]. 789 91

Fluorescein angiograms were performed to evaluate perifoveal capillary blood velocities (v), capillary density (perifoveal intercapillary areas: PIA) and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) by means of the scanning laser technique (SLO-101 Rodenstock). The angiograms were digitally stored and the data quantified off-line with an image analyzing system (IBAS). In the present study 46 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were examined and their data compared with that of 31 healthy volunteers. The perifoveal capillary flow velocity of the NIDDM subjects (v = 2.33 +/- 0.36 mm/s) was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased as compared to healthy subjects (v = 2.86 +/- 0.41 mm/s). The perifoveal intercapillary areas in the foveal avascular zone were significantly increased in patients with NIDDM (PIA = 10029 +/- 3402 microns2; FAZ = 0.415 +/- 0.272 mm2) as compared with healthy subjects (PIA = 3965 +/- 467 microns2; FAZ = 0.221 +/- 0.071 mm2). These data suggest the possibility that a decrease in perifoveal capillary blood velocities in combination with decreased capillary density (enlarged PIA) and an enlargement of the foveal avascular zone may occur in patients with NIDDM. The determination of these parameters could help in monitoring the progress of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic maculopathy.
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PMID:Perifoveal microcirculation with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 803 11

For the evaluation of a possible malfunction of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and the blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) in type I diabetes without manifest angiopathy after i.v. injection of sodium fluorescein, the permeability of the BRB (P) and the permeability coefficient of the BAB [P(a)] were simultaneously determined by fluorophotometry in 34 eyes of 34 type-I diabetics [hemoglobin (Hb)A1c = 6.6% +/- 0.9%] without retinopathy whose age ranged from 19 to 38 years (mean, 30.5 +/- 5 years); the diabetes duration was between 5 and 18 years. Fluorescein angiography was performed to exclude nonperfused areas. In all, 34 eyes of 34 healthy volunteers whose age ranged between 23 and 34 years (mean, 28.5 +/- 3.3 years) served as controls; in this group, fluorophotometry was performed twice to evaluate reproducibility. The mean BAB permeability coefficient in diabetics [P(a) = 5.3 +/- 1.8 x 10(-4)/min] was significantly increased (P = 0.00003) as compared with control values [P(a) = 3.7 +/- 0.7 x 10(-4)/min]; BRB permeability in diabetics (P = 3.2 +/- 1.4 x 10(-7) cm/s) was raised, with this elevation being of lower significance (P = 0.019; controls, P = 2.6 +/- 0.7 x 10(-7) cm/s). We found a decrease in BRB permeability depending on diabetes duration (r = -0.15; P = 0.007) that was not significant in the BAB (r = -0.1; P = 0.24). No correlation was found to exist between permeability and hemoglobin (Hb)A1c values either in the BAB or in the BRB. The reproducibility in controls was 9% in BRB determinations and 12% in BAB measurements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Permeability of the blood-retinal barrier and the blood-aqueous barrier in type I diabetes without diabetic retinopathy: simultaneous evaluation with fluorophotometry. 822 99

For the evaluation of a possible malfunction of the blood-retinal (BRB) and the blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) in type I diabetes without manifest angiopathy, after i.v. injection of sodium fluorescein, the permeability of BRB (P) and the diffusion coefficient of BAB [P(a)] were studied simultaneously by fluorophotometry in 34 eyes of 34 type I diabetics (HbA1c = 6.6 +/- 0.9%) without retinopathy whose ages ranged from 19 to 38 years (30.5 +/- 5); diabetes' duration was between 5 and 18 years. Fluorescein angiography was performed to exclude nonperfused areas. In all, 34 eyes of 34 healthy volunteers whose ages ranged between 23 and 34 years (28.5 +/- 3.3) served as controls; in this group, fluorophotometry was performed twice to evaluate reproducibility. The mean BAB diffusion coefficient in diabetics [P(a) = 5.3 +/- 1.8/min] was significantly increased (p = 0.00003) as compared to controls [P(a) = 3.7 +/- 0.7/min]; BRB permeability in diabetes (P = 3.2 +/- 1.4 x 10(-7) cm/s) was raised with this elevation being of lower significance (p = 0.019; controls: P = 2.6 +/- 0.7 x 10(-7) cm/s). We found a decrease in BRB permeability depending on diabetes' duration (r = -0.15; p = 0.007) that was not significant in BAB (r = -0.1; p = 0.24). No correlation was found to exist between permeability and HbA1c values either in BAB or in BRB. The reproducibility in controls was 9% in BRB determinations and 12% in BAB measurements. These results may suggest that early structural alterations without the manifestation of retinopathy possibly cause elevation in BRB permeability and are even more obvious in BAB permeability. Whereas the reliability of vitreous fluorophotometry in detecting early BRB malfunction has to be judged critically, anterior segment fluorophotometry is a reliable procedure for the monitoring of BAB affection in type I diabetes without retinopathy.
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PMID:The blood-ocular barrier in type I diabetes without diabetic retinopathy: permeability measurements using fluorophotometry. 857 48

The effects of a clinically used purified micronized flavonoid fraction (S5682) containing 90% diosmin and 10% hesperidin on increased microvascular permeability induced by histamine, bradykinin and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were investigated by intravital microscopy in the cheek pouch preparation of diabetic hamsters. We also investigated the effects of S 5682 on macro- molecular permeability increase and leukocyte adhesion during ischemia-reperfusion using the same preparation. Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). S 5682, suspended in 10% lactose solution, or vehicle (10% lactose) was administered orally for 25 days at 20 mg/kg/day (10 mg/kg twice a day), starting 5 days after the streptozotocin injection. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled dextran (molecular weight 150,000) was given intravenously, 30 min after completion of the cheek pouch preparation. The leukocytes were stained by continuous intravenous infusion of acridine orange (0.5 mg/ kg/min). Histamine (2 microMs), bradykinin (1 microM), and LTB4 (0.01 microM), applied topically for 5 min, increased the number of fluorescent vascular leakage sites in postcapillary venules. A temporary ischemia (duration: 30 min) with total circulatory arrest of the cheek pouch was obtained by clamping the neck of the everted pouch. The maximum number of leaky sites (per cm2 in the prepared area) which occurs either at 5 min after the beginning of each topical application or 10 min after the onset of reperfusion was quantified in UV light microscopy. The results from 60 animals divided into ten groups of 6 animals each are presented as means +/- SEM. In comparison with vehicle, S 5682 significantly inhibited the macromolecular permeability increasing the effect of histamine (343.8 +/- 18.5 vs. 91.0 +/- 8.2 leaks/ cm2; p > 0.001), bradykinin (347.0 +/- 14.6 vs. 110.3 +/- 8.5 leaks/cm2; p < 0.001) and LTB4 (323.0 +/- 15.5 vs. 161.3 +/- 13.8 leaks/cm2; p < 0.001). At reperfusion, after 30 min ischemia, S 5682 significantly decreased the observed macromolecular permeability (168.5 +/- 19.7 vs. 52.7 +/- 6.3 leaks/cm2; p < 0.01). Flavonoid-treated animals also tended to have a lower number of leukocytes adhering to the venular endothelium (104.8 +/- 11.0 vs. 75.8 +/- 9.7/6 mm2; p > 0.05). These results demonstrate that oral administration of S 5682 for 25 days at 20mg/kg body weight/day has a protective effect on leakage of macromolecules after application of permeability-increasing substances and during ischemia-reperfusion in the cheek pouch microvasculature of diabetic hamsters. In conclusion, the present data illustrating the inhibitory effect of a clinically relevant doses of S 5682 on the inflammatory processes induced in this in vivo model of microcirculation may serve as a rational basis to explain its clinical efficacy.
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PMID:Effects of oral administration of purified micronized flavonoid fraction on increased microvascular permeability induced by various agents and on ischemia/reperfusion in diabetic hamsters. 872 38

The transcapillary and interstitial diffusion of intravenously administered sodium fluorescein is used as a marker for capillary permeability. Fluorescein diffusion has been expressed by different parameters with reported coefficients of variation of 14-20%. Aim of the present study is to select a parameter which combines excellent reproducibility with the potential for discriminating insulin-dependent diabetic patients from healthy subjects. We performed three experiments to assess day-to-day reproducibility: 5 healthy subjects were measured twice, 1 healthy subject was measured 6 times and 1 subject with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was measured 5 times. We averaged the relative fluorescence light intensity (IREL(t)] from dye arrival until a certain time point [IAV(t)], instead of using the relative intensity at one time point. IAV (7 min) showed markedly improved reproducibility, expressed as geometric mean of the coefficients of variation of the three separate experiments: 10%. In addition, a group of 12 insulin-dependent diabetic subjects was compared with 12 healthy control subjects. Median IAV (7 min) was 69.5% (95% CI: 65.3-78.1%) in the diabetic subjects and 54.9% (95% CI: 52.1-60.0%) in the control subjects (p < 0.001). Since IAV (7 min) combines excellent reproducibility with a good discriminating power, we advise its use in further studies.
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PMID:Improved reproducibility of the 'large-window' method of assessing transcapillary and interstitial fluorescein diffusion in the skin in healthy subjects and in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 927 66

The purpose of this work was to study the morphological and quantitative alterations of the myenteric plexus neurons of the duodenum of rats with acute and chronic streptozotocin-induced diabetes and establish a comparison with non-diabetic animals. Samples of duodenum were destined to histological sections stained by Hematoxilin-Eosin and to membrane preparings stained by the Giemsa and NADH-diaphorasis methods. Small, medium and large neurons were found, with a predominance of medium ones on chronic and acute diabetic animals. It was verified that most of the neurons of diabetic and non-diabetic animals have an eccentrical nucleus and thus this characteristic is not an indicative of degenerative process. It was observed that in diabetes there is a decrease in the number of myenteric neurons. It is argued that this initial decrease is due to the toxic effects of the drug and not to the physiopathology of diabetes itself, and also that the expressive smaller proportion of neurons on the chronically diabetic animals is due to the immediate loss related to streptozotocin and the further consequences of aging during nine weeks of diabetes.
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PMID:Morphological and quantitative study of the myenteric plexus of the duodenum of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 945 58

Community-wide fundus photography was organized for early detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) by mobile teams. High-quality three-field Kodachrome fundus photography, performed according to the London Protocol through dilated pupils was offered free of charge to primary care; images were taken in the community and assessed centrally. Data are presented from the first 80 primary health care centres (PHCCs) participating, serving 990,000 (about 60%) of inhabitants in Stockholm County. Beginning in 1990, 6863 diabetes patients were invited by PHCCs; 5490 (80%) attended. We reached 77% of persons with known diabetes; only 37% had had their eyes examined during the preceding 2 years. For 97% of patients, images were assessable. DR was present in 34% of patients (non-proliferative DR not requiring further assessment 29%, non-proliferative DR requiring further assessment 1.1%, proliferative DR 0.5% and macular involvement 3.6%). Re-examination after 2 years was offered to 64%; follow-up photography after 1 year to 24%. Fluorescein angiography and/or photocoagulation treatment was performed in 3.6%. This method of early diagnosis is feasible, acceptable, and reached twice as many patients as did the usual referral-based system of care. We now plan to extend this service to cover the whole county.
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PMID:Early detection of diabetic retinopathy by a mobile retinal photography service working in partnership with primary health care teams. 982 67

We have developed a new method to visualize leukocytes and evaluate their kinetics in the chorioretinal microcirculation of the living eyes. Nuclear staining dyes and a scanning laser ophthalmoscope were used to image leukocytes in the fundus. Acridine orange was used to visualize leukocytes in the retinal microcirculation. For imaging leukocytes in the choroid, indocyanine green was injected intravenously. Dynamics of leukocytes in the capillaries of the retina and choroid were quantitatively estimated in monkeys and rats. This method also allowed evaluation of leukocyte-endothelial interactions, such as rolling or firm adhesion, in vivo. Acridine orange leukocyte fluography was used to study leukocyte dynamics in the following experimentally induced microcirculatory disturbances of the retina: 1) interferon-associated retinopathy, 2) ischemia-reperfusion injury of the retina, and 3) experimental diabetes mellitus. 1) Interferon-associated retinopathy Systemic administration of interferon alpha enhanced leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the retina, which resulted in leukocyte rolling and entrapment in the retinal capillary beds. Leukocyte accumulation was also detected in the lung. The entrapment or accumulation of leukocytes in the microcirculation was inhibited by simultaneous administration of corticosteroids or other agents. These results suggested that leukocytes play a major role in the development of adverse effects of interferon, such as retinopathy or interstitial pneumonia. 2) Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the retina During reperfusion period after transient (60 min) retinal ischemia by optic nerve ligation, the rolling of leukocytes in the retinal veins was prominent and numerous leukocytes were trapped in the retinal capillaries. The number of rolling leukocytes was at a maximum 12 hours after reperfusion. Leukocyte entrapment peaked at 24 hours after reperfusion. By blocking adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium, these leukocyte-endothelial interactions were effectively inhibited. Postischemic retinal atrophy was also inhibited by blocking adhesion molecules. These results suggested that leukocytes may be major players in the pathophysiology of ischemia reperfusion injury of the retina. 3) Experimental diabetes mellitus Leukocyte dynamics in the retina were studied in streptozotocin-induced diabetes and spontaneous diabetes (OLETF rats). In both diabetic models, leukocyte entrapment in the retinal capillaries was increased even in the early stages of diabetes. Fluorescein angiography revealed that trapped leukocytes disturbed the regional capillary blood flow in the downstream. Enhanced expression of adhesion molecules was observed in the capillary endothelium of the retina in the diabetic rats. Leukocyte entrapment in the retinal capillaries might cause microvascular occlusions and dysfunction, in turn causing diabetic retinopathy.
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PMID:[In vivo evaluation of leukocyte dynamics in the retinal and choroidal circulation]. 1064 93


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