Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An intravenous glucose tolerance test (GTT) was given to 116 women--82 nondiabetic subjects (NDS) and 34 diabetes suspects--before they received Ovulen for oral contraception. Subjects were followed for 1 to 4 years during Ovulen therapy. Twenty women using an intrauterine device showed no changes in glucose tolerance. Prompt, significant decline in tolerance was noted in NDS, persisting for the duration of the study. At least one abnormal test, indicating chemical diabetes, was noted in 13 per cent of the NDS. Similarly, prompt decline in tolerance, although not statistically significant, was observed in the suspect group. Fifteen per cent of suspects had at least one abnormal test. Chemical diabetes persisted during Ovulen therapy in suspects but not in NDS. No overt diabetes occurred. Based on greater concern regarding suspects, a procedure for monitoring carbohydrate tolerance is proposed for this group.
 ...
PMID:Changes in carbohydrate tolerance during long-term oral contraception. 116 74

Effective contraceptives contribute to the regulation of births, protect the health of women, reduce maternal and perinatal mortality and gynecological diseases, and prevent abortion-related complications. Complications after abortion average 30%, and among primigravidas the rate reaches 45%. Abortion can result in sterility and in the inability to carry out the pregnancy. Oral contraceptives (OCs) are used by 150 million globally. In new preparations ethinyl estradiol (EE) and levonorgestrel (LNG) are the most common components. In the 2-phase and 3-phase preparations Sequilar, Anteovin, and lipid profile safe Triquilar the gestagen component was reduced 40%. Continuin and Famulen are minipills, and Postinor is a postcoital contraceptive. Absolute contraindications of OCs include thromboembolytic diseases, severe cardiovascular system diseases, liver disorders, cirrhosis, cerebral vascular diseases, grave diabetes, jaundice, and malignant tumors of the mammae and sexual organs. Rigevidon, Triquilar, and Trisiston have high steroid content with minimal side effects. The protective effect of OCs are: 2-3 times lower risk of inflammation of the small pelvis, lower risk of malignant and benign ovarian tumors that lasts even after discontinuation, uterine cancer prevention (antiproliferation effect on the endometrium and inhibition of mitotic activity of the myometrium), and reduced risk of benign breast neoplasms. The finding that estrogen-induced risk of breast cancer increases with longterm contraceptive use in young nulliparas has not been persuasively proven. The optimal duration of uninterrupted OC use is 1-1.5 years. Monophasic estrogen-gestagen preparations include Bisecurin, Non-Ovlon, Ovidon, Rigevidon, Minisiston, and Demulen with low dosages of EE, LNG, norethisterone acetate, and diacetate ethonodiol. Norplant is a subdermal silastic capsule with effectiveness for up to 5 years.
 ...
PMID:[Hormonal contraception]. 178 55

The effect of oral contraceptives (OCs) on intravenous glucose tolerance tests (iv GGT) to see if the results in a "pseudopregnancy state" parallel those of actual pregnancy was evaluated. 65 women (41 nondiabetic; 24 diabetes suspects) took Enovid (5 mg norethynodrel with .075 mg mestranol) for 2-3 months. 12 women (7 nondiabetic; 5 diabetes suspects) took Ovulen (1 mg ethhynodiol diacetate and .1 mg mestranol) and 14 women (7 nondiabetic; 7 diabetes) with intrauterine devices (IUD) served as controls. All subjects had the iv GTT before and after treatment. The GTT was expressed as K, the % fall/min of the blood glucose level from 10-60 min after injection of 25 gm glucose. Enovid caused a significant k decline (p .005) but no change in fasting blood sugar levels. No women in the Ovulen or IUD group had abnormal k values. 6 women with previosly normal k values developed abnormally low values while taking Enovid. 2 of these were in the diabetes suspect group. Diabetes suspects using OCs appeared to show a greater loss in GT than nondiabetic subjects. No correlation was found between carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy and that of the "pseudopregnancy state" of progestin-estrogen administration. The possible mechanisms responsible for these changes, in particular the role of estrogen, were discussed.
 ...
PMID:Oral contraceptives and intravenous glucose tolerance. I. Data noted early in treatment. 601 49

In a group of 33 healthy women, among whom 15 utilized the combined oral contraceptive (OC) pill and 18 utilized the progesterone OC (ethynodiol diacetate 0.5 mg Femulen), we examined the percentage of glycohemoglobin (Hb A1). In the progesterone OC users, the percentage of Hb A1 remained unchanged (5.4% before and 5.2% 3-6 months after using it) whereas in women taking the combined OC, the values increased from 5.9% before to a mean of 8.7% after a 3-6 months after administration. This increase seems to be related to the estrogen of the pill which, as in pregnancy, may induce glucose intolerance. From this study it may be seen that despite the disadvantages such as reduced effectiveness and menstrual disruption, the progesterone-only pill is preferable. At the same time, the screening by the Hb A1 evaluation, a sure, inexpensive, and easily performed procedure, makes it possible to detect an unsuspected diabetes or borderline diabetes condition, and thus switch the method of contraception.
 ...
PMID:Glycohemoglobin (Hb A1) levels in oral contraceptive users. 687 34

To determine the responses of plasma glucose, serum growth hormone (HGH), and serum insulin to arginine infusion before and during cyclic administration of 100 mcg ethinyl estradiol 3-methyl ether (mestranol) plus 1 mg ethynodiol diacetate (Ovulen) 12 young, healthy, nonobese women (at least 6 weeks postpartum with no family or obstetric history suggestive of diabetes) were observed. The mean cumulative glucose was unchanged, while the mean cumulative insulin (p less than .05 at 30 minutes) and HGH increased (p less than .05 at 30 minutes and p less than .01 at 120 minutes) during 2 hour tests. These data indicate that contraceptive steroids induced a peripheral antiinsulin effect which may be due to increased HGH secretion. A direct antiinsulin action or insulinogenic effect of steroids remains to be determined.
 ...
PMID:Serum insulin and growth hormone responses to arginine infusion before and during treatment with contraceptive steroids. 1233 73