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About 600 injections per year are administered in a Luxembourg family planning center using 3 types of long acting progestatives: Depo Provera 150 and 450 and Norigest. The method is no longer reserved for women with completed families and the mentally handicapped since its reversibility has been proven. Patients seeking this type of contraception must meet the same criteria as for oral contraceptives except that women with contraindications for estrogens may tolerate progestatives. Long acting progestatives offer the safety of minipills along with high effectiveness since the risk of forgetting a pill is removed. Some women with cardiac disease, diabetes, and circulatory problems are able to use injectables, but caution should be exercised with hypertensives and the obese because of possible weight gain. Women with coagulation problems or suspected fibromas should be excluded. Administered postpartum, pure progestatives do not affect lactation. Menstrual cycles are completely disturbed, with irregular and unpredictable bleeding until amenorrhea appears after 3-6 months. Women who are psychologically unable to accept amenorrhea should not use this method, as they are more likely to experience undesirable side effects. Return of fertility upon termination of use poses no problem and usually occurs after 6-10 months, even after a single injection. Treatment with a sequential contraceptive beginning on the day when the next injection would have been given may help to reestablish menstruation. The physician should determine through a preliminary interview the couple's psychological readiness for this type of contraception. A careful medical history and gynecological examination should be done to rule out contraindications, and treatment should begin in the 1st 3 days of the cycle. Irregular and prolonged bleeding after 6 months of use can be treated with oral administration of estrogen, or by proceeding to the next injection ahead of schedule. Administration of a mild diuretic is rarely necessary for water retention. Pregnancy during use of the method is very rare but usually occurs after the 2nd or 3rd treatment and may be detected only in the 3rd or 4th month. Uterine size should be assessed at each treatment for the 1st year. Short term local treatment with estrogen rapidly restores vaginal lubrication when necessary. No serious incidents have occurred with use of long acting progestatives at this clinic.
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PMID:[Indications and medical survey of long acting progestatives used for contraception (author's transl)]. 1233 49

In this article, Dr. Andrew M. Kaunitz, associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Florida Health Sciences Center in Jacksonville, gives suggestions for prescribing Depo-Provera. While Depo-Provera works as a contraceptive primarily by inhibiting ovulation, it has other antifertility effects, such as endometrial atrophy and cervical mucus thickening, which help prevent pregnancy in case ovulation does occur. A usual dose of Depo-Provera, 150 mg given intramuscularly every 3 months, has a contraceptive efficacy rate of 99.6%--the highest rate for any hormonal method. Kaunitz explains that the initial injection of the drug should take place within 7 days of the beginning of menses to ensure that there is no pregnancy. Efficacy is highest up to 12 weeks after injection, even though ovulation does not take place 14 weeks after the drug is administered. In the event that the patient is more than 2 weeks late in receiving her second or subsequent injection, Kaunitz recommends obtaining a pregnancy test. Because of possible adverse effects on carbohydrate metabolism and lipoprotein levels, Kaunitz suggests that women at high risk of cardiovascular disease or diabetes receive a lower dose of the drug, 100 mg. Similarly, very small women (those weighing under 100 lbs) may also require a smaller dose. Even at a lower dose, says Kaunitz, Depo-Provera remains highly effective, with a failure rate of 1%. Kaunitz also emphasizes prescribing Depo-Provera only to women who want a long-term contraceptive (at least 2 years), since although it does not affect fertility permanently, it does take longer for fertility to return than with oral contraceptives or Norplant.
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PMID:Prescribing tips for Depo-Provera. 1234 62

Progestin-only contraceptives administered by injection (Depo-Provera) or subcutaneous implant (Norplant) have been available to U.S. women for about a decade. Two epidemiological studies found their use associated with increased incidence of type 2 diabetes. In reviewing publications relating progestin injections and implants to glucose metabolism, 25 studies of various study designs and laboratory methods were identified that reported at least one insulin value in nondiabetic women. Research subjects were usually nonobese and often from developing countries. Of eight studies that performed sequential oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) after at least 6 months of Depo-Provera or Norplant use, seven found significant elevations (approximate doubling) of insulin at 2 or 3 h after glucose challenge; the effects on fasting, half-hour, or 1-h postchallenge insulin values were less consistent. The three studies that performed sequential intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) on injection users all found an increased early-phase insulin response. One study used sequential hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps to demonstrate reduced total-body glucose uptake per unit of insulin after 8 weeks of Norplant use. The metabolic studies generally did not show a reduction in the glucose tolerance of their nondiabetic subjects. However, compared with the lean and low-risk women who were usually selected for metabolic research, many U.S. women receiving these injections or implants may start out with increased insulin resistance due to greater weight, sedentary lifestyle, and family or childbearing histories. Additional research could help clarify whether exposure to injectable or implantable contraceptives leads to increased risk of type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes in women with predisposing factors.
Diabetes Care 2003 Jan
PMID:Effects of injectable or implantable progestin-only contraceptives on insulin-glucose metabolism and diabetes risk. 1250 84

Primary care physicians often prescribe contraceptives to women of reproductive age with comorbidities. Novel delivery systems (e.g., contraceptive patch, contraceptive ring, single-rod implantable device) may change traditional risk and benefit profiles in women with comorbidities. Effective contraceptive counseling requires an understanding of a woman's preferences and medical history, as well as the risks, benefits, adverse effects, and contraindications of each method. Noncontraceptive benefits of combined hormonal contraceptives, such as oral contraceptive pills, include regulated menses, decreased dysmenorrhea, and diminished premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Oral contraceptive pills may be used safely in women with a range of medical conditions, including well-controlled hypertension, uncomplicated diabetes mellitus, depression, and uncomplicated valvular heart disease. However, women older than 35 years who smoke should avoid oral contraceptive pills. Contraceptives containing estrogen, which can increase thrombotic risk, should be avoided in women with a history of venous thromboembolism, stroke, cardiovascular disease, or peripheral vascular disease. Progestin-only contraceptives are recommended for women with contraindications to estrogen. Depo-Provera, a long-acting injectable contraceptive, may be preferred in women with sickle cell disease because it reduces the frequency of painful crises. Because of the interaction between antiepileptics and oral contraceptive pills, Depo-Provera may also be considered in women with epilepsy. Implanon, the single-rod implantable contraceptive device, may reduce symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Mirena, the levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine contraceptive system, is an option for women with menorrhagia, endometriosis, or chronic pelvic pain.
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PMID:Contraception choices in women with underlying medical conditions. 2176 49

The 3-month injectable contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; Depo-Provera) is a synthetic progestin that protects against pregnancy by suppressing ovulation. Studies have focused on the resumption of ovulation after MPA-treatment cessation but neglected potential long-term effects of MPA exposure on future successful reproduction. MPA is frequently administered to adolescent girls; however, long-term fertility effects of adolescent MPA exposure have not been explored. We investigated fertility after extended MPA exposure in a species of old world primate, the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys). Female sooty mangabeys (n=31) received chronic MPA-treatment for 4-8 years. At MPA-treatment onset, subjects were either parous adults (n=14) or nulliparous adolescents (n=17), with adolescent-treated subjects being further divided into those who had reached first ovulation (n=10) and those who had not (n=7). After MPA-treatment cessation, adolescent-treated females had a significantly higher incidence of stillbirth than did age-matched and parity-matched controls, whereas adult-treated females did not differ from their matched controls. Females placed on MPA-treatment prior to first ovulation had a significantly higher incidence of stillbirth post-treatment than did females placed on MPA-treatment after first ovulation. Diabetic females had an increased incidence of stillbirth as compared to nondiabetic females; however, when controlling for diabetes, MPA exposure prior to first ovulation was still a significant positive predictor of stillbirth. These findings suggest that the post-treatment fertility effects of chronic MPA exposure vary with the developmental timing of treatment onset and raise concern about the use of MPA as a contraceptive for adolescent girls.
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PMID:Early adolescent Depo-Provera exposure increases stillbirths in adult sooty mangabeys. 2642 7


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