Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

At the end of 1989 a transversal study to know the availability of glycosylated hemoglobin as a control parameter in diabetic patients was done. Two hundred and three physicians-specialists in diabetes-provided information on the fraction, technique and reference interval used in their clinical practice. 90 +/- 4% of the participants were able to obtain, in their settings, the determination of glycosylated hemoglobin. Regarding work-places it is outstanding that 36 +/- 15% of the physicians in primary care did not have the possibility to get this parameter determined. Fraction and technique more widely used were, respectively, HbA1 and Ionic Interchange Chromatography performed with HPLC. There was no homogeneity in the reference intervals for HbA1 and HbA1c, considering different methodologies. The possibility to obtain different glycosylated hemoglobin determined, depends on the setting where the health care is being provided. It is important to know the reference interval of the Center where the determination is being done, in order to correctly interpret the glycosylated hemoglobin values of each patient.
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PMID:[Determination of glycosylated hemoglobin in clinical practice care of diabetes]. 150 7

This discussion reviews drugs that affect the eye, including antihyperglycemic agents; corticosteroids; antirheumatic drugs (quinolines, indomethacin, and allopurinol); psychiatric drugs (phenothiazine, thioridazine, and chlorpromazine); drugs used in cardiology (practolol, amiodarone, and digitalis gylcosides); drugs implicated in optic neuritis and atrophy, drugs with an anticholinergic action; oral contraceptives (OCs); and topical drugs and systemic effects. Refractive changes, either myopic or hypermetropic, can occur as a result of hyperglycemia, and variation in vision is sometimes a presenting symptom in diabetes mellitus. If it causes a change in the refraction, treatment of hyperglycemia almost always produces a temporary hypermetropia. A return to the original refractive state often takes weeks, sometimes months. There is some evidence that patients adequately treated with insulin improve more rapidly than those taking oral medication. Such patients always should be referred for opthalmological evaluation as other factors might be responsible, but it might not be possible to order the appropriate spectacle correction for some time. The most important ocular side effect of the systemic adiministration of corticosteroids is the formation of a posterior subcapsular cataract. Glaucoma also can result from corticosteroids, most often when they are applied topically. Corticosteroids have been implicated in the production of benign intracranial hypertension, which is paradoxical because they also are used in its treatment. The most important side effect of drugs such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine is an almost always irreversible maculopathy with resultant loss of central vision. Corneal and retinal changes similar to those caused by the quinolines have been reported with indomethacin, but there is some question about a cause and effect relationship. The National Registry of Drug Induced Ocular Side Effects in the US published 30 case histories of cataract suspected to be induced by allopurinol; numerous additional cases have been reported to the registry since. Phenothiazine, with an estimated 3% incidence of side effects, appears to be safer than other antipsychotic drugs, but the rate of ocular effects increases with the duration of therapy. Thioridazine and chlorpromazine are known to cause lens deposits and pigmentary retinopathy. There is a significantly high prevalence of thrombophlebitis and pseudotumor cerebri among women who use OCs and thrombotic retinal vascular disease, such as retinal vein occulsion, might be linked with them. It also is probable that, because of altered hydration of the cornea, there is a decreased tolerance to contact lenses.
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PMID:Drugs affecting the eye. 286 12

Previous studies have shown that several factors--such as alloxan-induced diabetes, adrenalectomy, or removal of the thyroid-parathyroid gland complex--can influence the flow rate, protein concentration, and protein composition of rat parotid saliva. The present study was undertaken to explore further the influence of glucocorticoids and thyroxine on rat parotid saliva in hormonally intact animals. As compared with untreated animals, adult male rats treated with 10 micrograms dexamethasone per 100 g body weight for eight days demonstrated a 75% reduction in volume of parotid saliva secreted in response to a uniform stimulus. The protein concentration of the saliva was increased three-fold. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed relative decreases in acidic and basic proline-rich proteins and in a protein identified as Fraction V, while amylase was increased. The electron microscopic appearance of the granules was markedly different from that of the control, in that the granules exhibited an electron-dense periphery and core, with the remainder of the granule having an electronlucent appearance. In contrast, rats treated for eight days with 20 micrograms thyroxine per 100 g body weight exhibited a 50% increase in volume of saliva collected in response to a secretory stimulus. Although the concentration of protein was not different from that of the control, gel electrophoresis showed relative increases in acidic and basic proline-rich proteins and a decrease in Fraction V. Amylase was unchanged. The secretory granules of thyroxine-treated rats were electronlucent and amorphous. The granules appeared to coalesce within the cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Regulation of salivary proteins. 347 73

Insulin treatment significantly altered the elution profile of deproteinized muscle extracts chromatographed on Sephadex G-25 columns, particularly in fraction II, which contains the insulin mediator. Further purification of fraction II by high-voltage paper electrophoresis at pH 1.9 and 3.5 resulted in two active fractions. Fraction 1 leads to 4 stimulated the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and inhibited glycogen synthase phosphoprotein phosphatase, and may be a novel substance. Fractions 1 leads to 6 and 3 leads to 6 inhibited the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and stimulated glycogen synthase phosphatase. It is proposed that the insulin mediator is present in fractions 1 leads to 6 and 3 leads to 6.
Diabetes 1980 Aug
PMID:Studies on the insulin mediator. II. Separation of two antagonistic biologically active materials from fraction II. 625 25

Murine models of insulin resistance and diabetes are versatile and have been used to investigate genetic and metabolic disorders. However, the principal assays to assess insulin action, i.e., the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and subcellular distribution of glucose transporters, have not been implemented in this species. Here we describe procedures which allow these methods to be adapted to mice. When normal C57bl/6j mice were infused with graded doses of insulin (1, 3, 10 or 30 mU/kg/min) during a euglycemic-hyerinsulinemic clamp, the glucose infusion rate necessary to maintain euglycemia increased in a dose-dependent manner (7.4 +/- 1.7, 13.1 +/- 3.6, 24.1 +/- 2.3 or 34.8 +/- 7.5 mg/kg/min), respectively. Hindlimb muscles were isolated and samples of 2-3 g were subjected to subcellular fractionation finalizing on 25%, 30% and 35% sucrose gradients. Fraction F25 (plasma membranes) was enriched in alpha 2 Na+/K(+)-ATPase and GLUT1 glucose transporters, whereas fraction F35 (intracellular membranes) was enriched in Ca(2+)-ATPase and GLUT4 glucose transporters. Following insulin treatment, GLUT4 increased in F25 and decreased in F35. Insulin treatment had no effect on GLUT1 in F25. However, unlike in rat skeletal muscle, GLUT1 was detectable in F35 and its content decreased in this fraction following insulin treatment. The results demonstrate that whole-body glucose utilization can be assessed in mice using euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps and demonstrate how subcellular fractionation procedures can be applied to murine muscle. Murine muscle GLUT4 translocates from an intracellular storage site to the plasma membrane in response to insulin.
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PMID:Insulin action on whole body glucose utilization and on muscle glucose transporter translocation in mice. 813 7

Clinical data, MR-scans, time-dose fractionation schemes and neuropathologic findings of two cases of delayed radiation myelopathy (DRM), are presented. Both patients, a 72-year-old diabetic woman with cervical lymphnode metastasis from a squamous cell carcinoma and a 46-year-old woman with tonsillar carcinoma, developed paraparesis followed by quadriplegia, at 7 and at 10 months following radiation. The spinal cord received 46 and 49 Gy. (Fraction dose 2.25 Gy and 2.0 Gy, 4 times/week). Serial MR-scans showed spinal cord enlargement and focally increased signal intensity (T1-gd). The second patient survived and stabilized following therapy with coumarins. The first patient died 13 months after radiotherapy. At autopsy necrosis, local calcium deposits, lipid macrophages and swollen astrocytes were observed in the white matter. There was slight hyalinosis of the intramedullary vessel walls. We conclude that serial MRI may be helpful to distinguish DRM from other causes of spinal cord injury. DRM may occur at a total dose less than 50 Gy. Additional risk factors (diabetes, hypertension), and fraction doses above 2 Gy contribute to the development of DRM.
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PMID:Delayed radiation myelopathy: serial MR-imaging and pathology. 883 1

Women with gestational diabetes tend to progress to noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) with a high cumulative incidence relative to the general population. These women have also been shown to be insulin resistant and may represent a variant of the insulin resistance syndrome or Syndrome X. Our previous studies indicated that administered insulin was associated with an increase in blood pressure in women with gestational diabetes, raising the question that insulin levels per se contribute to blood pressure in these women. We developed a means by which the insulin levels of a given pregnant individual might be estimated called the Fraction of Circulating Insulin Level Relative to Normal (FOCILRN = C-PEPTIDE/2.0 + TOTAL DAILY INSULIN DOSE/CALCULATED DAILY INSULIN REQUIREMENT BASED ON WEIGHT AND GESTATIONAL WEEK). The formula was applied to 15 nonhypertensive pregnant women of comparable obese phenotype (Rubenesque) with varying degrees of glucose tolerance (4 normal, 5 gestational diabetes treated with diet alone, 4 gestational diabetes treated with insulin, and 2 noninsulin-dependent diabetes). Blood pressure was quantified at the beginning of the study (gestational weeks 24-34) and again 4-8 weeks later using a 24-hr monitor. Correlation analysis was used to test for a relationship between the FOCILRN and blood pressure. The increase in mean arterial pressure was found to be continuous and linear with increasing insulin exposure as quantified by FOCILRN. The correlation was significant for all subjects (r = 0.961, p < 0.001) and remained significant even with removal of patients with NIDDM (r = 0.857, p < 0.001). The nighttime heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were found to be significantly correlated with FOCILRN (r = 0.651, p < 0.01, r = 0.724, p < 0.001, and r = 0.831, p < 0.001, respectively). The difference between the maximum and minimum diastolic blood pressure values between 12:00 AM and 6:00 AM between sessions 1 and 2 significantly differed among the groups with women on insulin having the highest FOCILRN having the least variation in blood pressure. In nonhypertensive women of obese phenotype (Rubenesque), increasing insulin exposure is associated with increasing mean arterial blood pressure and less variability of nocturnal blood pressure. These data provide support for the hypothesis that insulin may mediate blood pressure response in genetically vulnerable individuals. The identification of the Rubenesque phenotype during gestation may be a clinically useful marker for individuals at risk for Syndrome X.
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PMID:The Rubenesque pregnancy: a progression towards higher blood pressure correlates with a measure of endogenous and exogenous insulin levels. 925 24

Little is known about the mechanism(s) of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. In this study, the effect of nonenzymatic glycated LDL, a phenomenon induced by elevated D-glucose levels associated with diabetes, on porcine aortic endothelial cells was investigated. Two fractions of LDL from diabetic patients were separated by affinity column chromatography and are referred to herein as fraction alpha (nonglycated LDL) and fraction beta (glycated LDL). Incubation of endothelial cells for 24 h with total LDL isolated from diabetic subjects (dLDL) increased the release of superoxide anions (*O2-) by fivefold, while no effect of LDL isolated from healthy individuals (nLDL) was found. Fraction beta, but not fraction alpha, evoked the *O2- release. In vitro-glycated LDL mimicked the effect of dLDL/fraction beta on *O2- release that correlated with its degree of glycation (R2 = 0.96). Moreover, nitric oxide (NO) stability (measured with a porphyrinic-based electrode) and NO bioactivity (measured by its ability to elevate cellular cGMP levels) were reduced in cells treated with dLDL by 46 and 41%, respectively. dLDL (but not nLDL or fraction alpha) abolished shear stress-induced L-arginine uptake. The inhibitory effect of dLDL on shear stress-induced L-arginine uptake was mimicked by in vitro-glycated LDL. The efficiency of in vitro-glycated LDL to diminish shear stress-evoked L-arginine uptake correlated with the extent of glycation (R2 = 0.88). Moreover, dLDL, but not nLDL or fraction alpha, reduced shear stress-mediated cGMP formation and NOx production by 47 and 88%, respectively. This effect was also mimicked by in vitro-glycated LDL, correlating with its degree of glycation (R2 = 0.86). Under these experimental conditions, glycated LDL reduced shear stress-induced increase in NO synthesis by inhibition of shear stress-stimulated L-arginine uptake and NO bioactivity due to increased endothelial cell *O2- release. These properties may contribute to the reduced vasodilatory response and the vascular complications in diabetes.
Diabetes 1999 Jun
PMID:Glycated low-density lipoprotein attenuates shear stress-induced nitric oxide synthesis by inhibition of shear stress-activated L-arginine uptake in endothelial cells. 1034 24

A 48-year-old male who had a past history of alcoholic pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus was admitted to our hospital due to chills and vomiting, on August 13, 1998. His body temperature was 38.0 degrees C, and he had the disturbance of consciousness, tachypnea, tachycardia and hepatomegaly with tenderness. Laboratory findings showed highly inflammatory reactions, DIC and hepatorenal dysfunction. Abdominal CT and US revealed multiple liver abscess with portal vein thrombus. Serratia rubidaea was detected in the blood culture. SBT/CPZ and TOB were administered and he recovered. This is a rare case of Serratia rubidaea sepsis. It is also necessary to pay attention to Serratia infections as well as S. marcescens.
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PMID:[Community acquired sepsis by Serratia rubidaea]. 1190 95

In the search for natural hypoglycaemic agents as alternatives to synthetic ones that are expensive and not easily accessible, and to justify the use of Garcinia kola seeds in traditional African medicine to treat diabetes, the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of fractions from kolaviron (KV) (a Garcinia kola seed extract) were investigated in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. KV, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia kola seed, was separated by thin-layer chromatography into three fractions; Fraction I (FI), Fraction II (FII) and Fraction III (FIII) with RF values of 0.48, 0.71 and 0.76, respectively. In normoglycaemic rats, KV, FI and FII administered at a dose of 100 mg kg(-1) body weight elicited significant (P < 0.05) hypoglycaemic activity within 4 h of oral administration. Precisely, KV, FI and FII decreased blood glucose levels of normoglycaemic rats by 66%, 50% and 61%, respectively, when compared with controls 30 min after oral administration of the extracts. In hyperglycaemic rats, KV, FI and FII significantly (P < 0.05) reduced blood sugar levels in STZ-diabetic rats within 4 h of oral administration. Furthermore, KV alone produced a significant (P < 0.05) anti-diabetic effect from day 3 to day 7 of oral intubation of STZ-diabetic rats. In addition, the extracts showed favourable effect on the plasma lipid profile of STZ-diabetic rats, and also decreased significantly (P < 0.05) the STZ-induced increase in the activity of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase and lipid peroxidation (LPO) products. This study confirms the anti-diabetic and hypolipidaemic effects of KV in STZ-diabetic rats. These observed effects of KV are attributed to two of its fractions, FI and FII, with RF values of 0.48 and 0.71, respectively.
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PMID:Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of fractions from kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia Kola in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rats. 1639 72


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