Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Crude glycosaminoglycans were prepared from acetone powder of diabetic, toxemic, and normal term placentas. Glycosaminoglycan composition was determined by electrophoresis and densitometric scanning with and without treatment with testicular hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC. The identity of individual glycosaminoglycans was confirmed by the nature of their hexosamine. Glycosaminoglycan content was found to be significantly increased in diabetic placentas and increased to a lesser degree in the toxemic placentas. The amount of hyaluronic acid was elevated in both abnormal tissues, and heparan sulfate was slightly higher in diabetes, while unchanged in toxemia. Dermatan sulfate was markedly reduced in the abnormal placentas while chondroitin 4/6 sulfate was unaltered. An attempt was made to correlate the histopathologic changes reported to occur in these conditions with the alterations in the glycosaminoglycans patterns of placentas.
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PMID:Glycosaminoglycan patterns in diabetic and toxemic term placentas. 677 11

Millions of Americans get virtually all their current events information from the national nightly television news programs. The purpose of this study was to learn what diabetes-related information had been broadcast over the last 11 years by the network news programs. Another objective was to learn how that coverage compared with that given other chronic diseases. The Vanderbilt Television News Archives (VTNA) has videotaped every ABC, NBC, and CBS nightly newscast since mid-1968. The contents of each telecast have been catalogued and indexed. Indexes were searched for every segment that had anything to do with diabetes from 1971 through 1981. In the last 11 years there have been 32 diabetes-related news segments. More than a third were about the controversial attempt to ban saccharin. Because each network may carry essentially the same story, the number of nonoverlapping reports was 20. The total time of the diabetes-related segments was 70 minutes. The topics covered by the news reports included oral agents (5 reports), artificial sweeteners (12), biosynthetic human insulin (BHI) (7), and an assortment of unique items. The 32 diabetes-related segments compare with 23 about arthritis, 215 about heart diseases, and 925 dealing with cancer. A compilation of the non-overlapping segments has been shown to health professionals, who felt the stories were generally accurate. Diabetes is not portrayed as a killer. Therefore, diabetes seems less serious, and therefore less newsworthy, than heart disease or cancer.
Diabetes Care
PMID:Diabetes in the national TV news: 1971-1981. 683 27

Heparan sulphate-associated anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane were studied in rats 8 months after induction of diabetes by streptozotocin and in age- adn sex-matched control rats, employing the cationic dye cuprolinic blue. Morphometric analysis at the ultrastructural level was performed using a computerized image processor. The heparan sulphate specificity of the cuprolinic blue staining was demonstrated by glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes, showing that pretreatment of the sections with heparitinase abolished all staining, whereas chondroitinase ABC had no effect. The majority of anionic sites (74% in diabetic and 81% in control rats) were found within the lamina rara externa of the glomerular basement membrane. A minority of anionic sites were scattered throughout the lamina densa and lamina rara interna, and were significantly smaller than those in the lamina rara externa of the glomerular basement membrane (p<0.001 and p<0.01 for diabetic and control rats, respectively). Diabetic rats progressively developed albuminuria reaching 40.3 (32.2-62.0) mg/24 h after 8 months in contrast to the control animals (0.8 (0.2-0.9) mg/24 h, p<0.002). At the same time, the number of heparan sulphate anionic sites and the total anionic site surface (number of anionic sites x mean anionic site surface) in the lamina rara externa of the glomerular basement membrane was reduced by 19% (p<0.021) and by 26% (p<0.02), respectively. Number and total anionic site surface in the remaining part of the glomerular basement membrane (lamina densa and lamina rara interna) were not significantly changed. We conclude that in streptozotocin-diabetic rats with an increased urinary albumin excretion, a reduced heparan sulphate charge barrier/density is found at the lamina rara externa of the glomerular basement membrane.
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PMID:Reduction of heparan sulphate-associated anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. 869 Jan 68

To clarify whether ubiquitin is expressed in atherosclerotic lesions, and, if so, the expression is influenced by diabetes mellitus, we examined atherosclerotic (AS) lesions from Wistar fatty (WF) and Wistar lean (WL) rats immunohistochemically using an antibody against ubiquitin (AUb). Ten-week-old male WF and WL rats were treated to cannulize a silicon tube from the left carotid artery (LCA) to the descending aorta under chloral hydrate anesthesia and the tube was fixed. Age-matched WF and WL rats without cannulization were served as controls. Eight weeks after operation, 1 ml of 0.1% Evans blue solution was injected to all rats from the tail vein. 15 min latter, the aortae were removed, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Immunohistochemical staining with AUb by the ABC method, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and elastica-Goldner (EG) stains were performed. In the cannulized group, focal areas of the luminal surface of the aorta were stained blue with Evans blue and these areas were microscopically confirmed as AS lesions in all WF and WL rats. In the control group, no Evans blue staining or AS lesions were observed. The destruction of the internal elastic lamina in AS lesions were seen with EG stain in the cannulized aorta of both WF and WL rats. No significant difference of the area ratio of intima/media was present between WF and WL rats in the cannulized group. Ubiquitin immunoreactivity was observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells in AS lesions of both WF and WL rats. The present study suggests that ubiquitin plays a role in the formation of AS, and the condition of diabetes mellitus has little influence on ubiquitin expression and AS formation in this experimental model.
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PMID:Ubiquitin expression in atherosclerotic lesions of wistar fatty and wistar lean rats. 882 96

KATP channels are a newly defined class of potassium channels based on the physical association of an ABC protein, the sulfonylurea receptor, and a K+ inward rectifier subunit. The beta-cell KATP channel is composed of SUR1, the high-affinity sulfonylurea receptor with multiple TMDs and two NBFs, and KIR6.2, a weak inward rectifier, in a 1:1 stoichiometry. The pore of the channel is formed by KIR6.2 in a tetrameric arrangement; the overall stoichiometry of active channels is (SUR1/KIR6.2)4. The two subunits form a tightly integrated whole. KIR6.2 can be expressed in the plasma membrane either by deletion of an ER retention signal at its C-terminal end or by high-level expression to overwhelm the retention mechanism. The single-channel conductance of the homomeric KIR6.2 channels is equivalent to SUR/KIR6.2 channels, but they differ in all other respects, including bursting behavior, pharmacological properties, sensitivity to ATP and ADP, and trafficking to the plasma membrane. Coexpression with SUR restores the normal channel properties. The key role KATP channel play in the regulation of insulin secretion in response to changes in glucose metabolism is underscored by the finding that a recessive form of persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI) is caused by mutations in KATP channel subunits that result in the loss of channel activity. KATP channels set the resting membrane potential of beta-cells, and their loss results in a constitutive depolarization that allows voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open spontaneously, increasing the cytosolic Ca2+ levels enough to trigger continuous release of insulin. The loss of KATP channels, in effect, uncouples the electrical activity of beta-cells from their metabolic activity. PHHI mutations have been informative on the function of SUR1 and regulation of KATP channels by adenine nucleotides. The results indicate that SUR1 is important in sensing nucleotide changes, as implied by its sequence similarity to other ABC proteins, in addition to being the drug sensor. An unexpected finding is that the inhibitory action of ATP appears to be through a site located on KIR6.2, whose affinity for ATP is modified by SUR1. A PHHI mutation, G1479R, in the second NBF of SUR1 forms active KATP channels that respond normally to ATP, but fail to activate with MgADP. The result implies that ATP tonically inhibits KATP channels, but that the ADP level in a fasting beta-cell antagonizes this inhibition. Decreases in the ADP level as glucose is metabolized result in KATP channel closure. Although KATP channels are the target for sulfonylureas used in the treatment of NIDDM, the available data suggest that the identified KATP channel mutations do not play a major role in diabetes. Understanding how KATP channels fit into the overall scheme of glucose homeostasis, on the other hand, promises insight into diabetes and other disorders of glucose metabolism, while understanding the structure and regulation of these channels offers potential for development of novel compounds to regulate cellular electrical activity.
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PMID:Molecular biology of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels. 1020 14

Erythromelalgia is an extraordinary pain syndrome first described by S. Weir Mitchell in 1878. Episodes of severe burning pain in the distal limbs, accompanied by striking redness and warmth of the skin, are precipitated by heat or activity and can be terminated only by cooling the affected part. Primary erythromelalgia is a sporadic or autosomal-dominant hereditary disorder whose symptoms begin in childhood. Secondary erythromelalgia occurs in association with thrombocythemia, collagen-vascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, peripheral neuropathy, and use of certain drugs. Aspirin is effective for patients with thrombocythemia, but most other cases are very resistant to treatment. The pathogenesis of erythromelalgia has remained puzzling, especially the peculiar switch-like manner in which symptoms are turned on by heat and turned off by cold. Following Ochoa's description of the ABC (angry backfiring C nociceptors) syndrome, it seems plausible to regard erythromelalgia as a problem of sensitized skin polymodal C-fiber receptors. C-fiber threshold to activation by heat would be lowered to 32 degrees C to 36 degrees C; activated C fibers would cause vasodilation via axon reflexes with redness, heat, and swelling. Cooling would bring the nociceptors below threshold. Secondary erythromelalgia may result from humoral factors released from platelets or ischemic tissues or from C-fiber injury in some cases of neuropathy, whereas primary erythromelalgia could be due to a mutation of the capsaicin receptor.
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PMID:Hot feet: erythromelalgia and related disorders. 1130 88

We have previously reported that rats with diabetes induced by injecting streptozotocin into neonates showed remarkably lower blood glucose, urine volume, and glucosuria after administration of Maitake (Grifola frondosa). In the present study, we investigated the effects of Maitake on insulin concentration, organ weight, serum composition, and islets of Langerhans in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using the same method. The diabetic rats were produced by injecting 80 mg/kg B.W. streptozotocin into 2-d-old neonates. From the age of 9 wk, the rats were given experimental diets for 100 d. The diabetes and control groups were given either diets containing 20% Maitake (DM and CM groups) or control diets (D and C groups). During administration of the experimental diets, we measured body weight, food intake, amount of feces, and serum insulin concentration at glucose loading. The glucose tolerance test was performed at the 10th week after the start of the experimental diets. The D group had an initial fasting blood glucose of 225+/-49 mg/dL, and a maximum blood glucose of 419+/-55 mg/dL at 60 min. In the DM group, however, the initial fasting blood glucose was 170+/-23 mg/dL, and the maximum blood glucose was 250+/-41 mg/dL at 15 min. Both values were markedly lower than those in the D group (p<0.05). The insulin concentration at 15 min. after glucose loading in the DM group was 41+/-16 microU/mL, which was significantly higher than that in the D group (15+/-7 microU/mL) (p<0.05). After the 100-d experimental period, blood samples were collected. The fructosamine level was significantly lower in the DM group (152+/-21 mmol/L) than in the D group (185+/-13 mmol/L). The concentration of 1.5-A.G. (1.5-anhydro glucitol) was significantly higher in the DM group (9.33+/-2.42 microg/mL) than in the D group (1.33+/-0.52 microg/mL). Observation of insulin antibody stain in the Langerhans cells of the pancreas using ABC method showed a decrease insulin antibody stain in the D group. The cells of the DM group were stained more darkly than those of the D group. From these results, we postulated that the bioactive substances present in Maitake can ameliorate the symptoms of diabetes.
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PMID:Maitake (Grifola frondosa) improve glucose tolerance of experimental diabetic rats. 1134 92

Antiretroviral therapy received mixed reviews in 1998. The approvals of efavirenz (Sustiva) and abacavir (Ziagen) have increased drug options. The use of genotypic and phenotypic resistance assays has helped clinicians make better treatment decisions. However, long-term side effects of HAART (e.g., high cholesterol, diabetes, and lipodystrophy) have emerged in patients who have responded to HAART regimens. Finally, it is becoming increasingly obvious that HIV must be managed by HIV-experienced clinicians, as studies show that their patients are healthier, live longer, and are less costly to care for than those managed by generalists.
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PMID:HIV antiretroviral agents. 1136 17

The central arteries stiffen with age, causing hemodynamic alterations that have been associated with cardiovascular events. Changes in body fat with age may be related to aortic stiffening. The association between vascular stiffness and body fat was evaluated in 2488 older adults (mean age, 74 years; 52% female; 40% black) enrolled in the Study of Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC), a prospective study of changes in weight and body composition. Clinical sites were located in Pittsburgh, Pa, and Memphis, Tenn. Aortic pulse wave velocity was used as an indirect measure of aortic stiffness. A faster pulse wave velocity indicates a stiffer aorta. Body fat measures were evaluated with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography. Independent of age and blood pressure, pulse wave velocity was positively associated with weight, abdominal circumference, abdominal subcutaneous fat, abdominal visceral fat, thigh fat area, and total fat (P<0.001 for all). The strongest association was with abdominal visceral fat. Elevated pulse wave velocity was also positively associated with history of diabetes and higher levels of glucose, insulin, and hemoglobin A1c (P<0.001 for all). In multivariate analysis, independent positive associations with pulse wave velocity were found for age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, abdominal visceral fat, smoking, hemoglobin A1c, and history of hypertension. The association between pulse wave velocity and abdominal visceral fat was consistent across tertiles of body weight. Among older adults, higher levels of visceral fat are associated with greater aortic stiffness as measured by pulse wave velocity.
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PMID:Aortic stiffness is associated with visceral adiposity in older adults enrolled in the study of health, aging, and body composition. 1156 17

The phenomenal growth in the rate of type 2 diabetes presents an enormous burden to society. Diabetes and its complications cost billions and significantly impact quality of life in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes management has transitioned from focusing exclusively on glycemic control to an approach that addresses both glucose abnormalities and the chronic complications of the disease. Increased understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease and the multifactorial basis of diabetes complications suggest the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of all diabetes complications. Preventive approaches emphasizing risk factor reduction strategies are essential. The American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care for People with Diabetes assist both the health care provider and the individual with diabetes to appreciate the comprehensive treatment goals in diabetes and provide specific guidelines for achieving these goals. This article presents these guidelines in an easy-to-remember ABC format.
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PMID:Glycemic control and beyond: the ABCs of standards of care for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. 1180 67


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