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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a prospective study carried out in June 1979-April 1981, 134 of 1,458 adult inpatients at New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, acquired 136 urinary tract infections during 1,474 indwelling bladder catheterizations. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified nine factors that were significantly associated with acquisition of infection: duration of catheterization, lack of systemic antibiotic during short catheter courses, lack of urinemeter drainage, female sex, diabetes mellitus, microbial colonization of the drainage bag, serum creatinine greater than 2 mg/dl at the time of catheterization, the reason for catheterization, and the use of catheters with sealed collection junctions when no antibiotic was administered. When potential risk factors were considered individually, without adjusting for the influence of other factors, infection was also significantly associated with 11 other factors, including several that have been previously reported as risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infections; however, these associations were no longer significant after adjustment for one or more of the nine factors noted above. These findings suggest approaches to surveillance, prevention, and research activities. They also strongly support the widely-held but poorly documented belief that persons with diabetes are more susceptible to urinary tract infection than are persons without diabetes.
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PMID:Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract infection. 377 80

Early T cell responses to external antigens and autoantigens are subject to a variety of regulatory mechanisms. A unifying link between the increase in both Th1-dependent autoimmune disease and Th2-linked atopic allergy would be a disturbed immune regulation involving T regulatory cells. There is a strong global correlation between childhood wheezing and diabetes. It is increasingly recognized that microbial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, linked with lifestyle and/or geographic factors, may be important determinants of the heterogeneity in disease prevalence throughout the world. These suggestions are supported by observations that germ-free mice do not develop tolerance in the absence of a gut flora. The potential effects of environmental stimuli on immune function is greatest in early life including fetal life when systems and responses are developing, and the maternal influences during fetal life could be particularly important for the development of immune regulation and tolerance induction. In recent years, focus has switched from searching for environmental risk factors towards an interest in factors that could induce and maintain immune regulation and tolerance to allergens and autoantigens. Currently evaluated strategies include the use of immunomodulatory factors, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary nutrients, although data are still insufficient to make specific recommendations.
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PMID:Environmental influences on the development of the immune system: consequences for disease outcome. 1819 56

Although the main reservoir of Candida spp. is believed to be the buccal mucosa, these microorganisms can coaggregate with bacteria in subgingival biofilm and adhere to epithelial cells. Such interactions are associated with the capacity of Candida spp. to invade gingival conjunctive tissue, and may be important in the microbial colonization that contributes to progression of oral alterations caused by diabetes mellitus, some medications, and immunosuppressive diseases such as AIDS. In addition, immune deficiency can result in proliferation of Candida spp. and germination of forms that are more virulent and have a higher capacity to adhere to and penetrate cells in host tissues. The virulence factors of Candida spp. increase host susceptibility to proliferation of these microorganisms and are likely to be important in the study of periodontal disease. Herein, we briefly review the literature pertaining to the role of Candida spp. in periodontal disease, and consider the main virulence factors, the host immune response to these microorganisms, and the effect of concomitant immunosuppressive conditions.
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PMID:Candida spp. in periodontal disease: a brief review. 2058 40

Early-life programming is becoming an established concept that states that the environment during early development affects health and disease in adulthood, probably via epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, RNA silencing, or a combination. Accumulating evidence suggests that nutrition during pregnancy and early postnatal life is one of the most important environmental cues that programs microbiological, metabolic, and immunologic development. The neonatal period is crucial for the early microbial colonization of the almost sterile gastrointestinal tract of the newborn infant. These first colonizers play an important role in host health because they are involved in nutritional, immunologic, and physiologic functions. Evidence from animal and human studies indicates that the composition of the gut microbiota has an effect on body composition, digestion, and metabolic homeostasis. Furthermore, the functionality of the metabolism develops after birth when the newborn is first exposed to nutrition via the gastrointestinal tract. Exposure to environmental microbial components is also suggested to have a key role in the maturation process of the immune system, and in turn the immune system shapes the composition of the microbiota. Therefore, the use of nutritional strategies to program the microbiota composition to favor a more beneficial bacterial population and to support the development of the metabolic and immune systems may provide a good opportunity to prevent later health problems such as obesity, diabetes, and allergy.
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PMID:Relevance of pre- and postnatal nutrition to development and interplay between the microbiota and metabolic and immune systems. 2382 26

Global comparisons reveal a decrease in gut microbiota diversity attributed to Western diets, lifestyle practices such as caesarian section, antibiotic use and formula-feeding of infants, and sanitation of the living environment. While gut microbial diversity is decreasing, the prevalence of chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, obesity, allergies and asthma is on the rise in Westernized societies. Since the immune system development is influenced by microbial components, early microbial colonization may be a key factor in determining disease susceptibility patterns later in life. Evidence indicates that the gut microbiota is vertically transmitted from the mother and this affects offspring immunity. However, the role of the external environment in gut microbiome and immune development is poorly understood. Studies show that growing up in microbe-rich environments, such as traditional farms, can have protective health effects on children. These health-effects may be ablated due to changes in the human lifestyle, diet, living environment and environmental biodiversity as a result of urbanization. Importantly, if early-life exposure to environmental microbes increases gut microbiota diversity by influencing patterns of gut microbial assembly, then soil biodiversity loss due to land-use changes such as urbanization could be a public health threat. Here, we summarize key questions in environmental health research and discuss some of the challenges that have hindered progress toward a better understanding of the role of the environment on gut microbiome development.
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PMID:Linking the Gut Microbial Ecosystem with the Environment: Does Gut Health Depend on Where We Live? 2905 33

Our gut microbiome plays a fundamental role in our health and disease. The microbial colonization of human gut begins immediately at birth and is an indispensable natural process that modulates our physiology and immunity. Recent studies are elegantly revealing how and when these microbes colonize the gut and what elements could potentially influence this natural phenomenon. The vertical mother-to-baby transmission of microbes is a crucial factor for normal development and maturation of newborn's immune, metabolic as well as neurological health. This important and delicate process of gut microbiota development may be impacted by various factors such as birth mode, type of feeding, gestational age at birth, antibiotics exposure in early life, surrounding environment and hygiene settings, and so on. Perturbations in early life gut microbial colonization have been associated with the development of several diseases such as diabetes, obesity, asthma, allergies, celiac disease, neurodevelopmental disorders, and so on. However, it remains unclear whether predisposition to these diseases is due to the lack of acquisition of the mother's (vaginal and perianal) microbes during birth or because of abnormal exposure to unsolicited bacteria. Hence, studies are required to scrutinize the colonization pattern of infant gut microbiome in context to birth mode and also to elucidate how long these differences could persist. In these contexts, we review and discuss some of the findings obtained from recent investigation of the gut microbiota composition in healthy Japanese infants and young adults born vaginally or by C-section.
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PMID:Gut Microbiota Composition in Healthy Japanese Infants and Young Adults Born by C-Section. 3004 Nov 74