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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Selection for and against diabetes and subsequent inbreeding of Chinese hamsters started in 1963. Currently there are six inbred sublines that have greater than 85% incidence of glycosuria and two control inbred nondiabetic sublines that are essentially free of glycosuria. At birth, hamsters from inbred sublines are considered prediabetic. There is phenotypic variation between diabetic sublines. Onset time, incidence of ketonuria, blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucagon and glycohydrolase levels vary from subline to subline, but pancreatic insulin and glucagon levels are consistently low and high, respectively, in all diabetic sublines compared with nondiabetics. Experimental breeding data suggest a minimum of two homozygous recessive genes for diabetes. It is not known if the inbred lines are similar diabetic genotypes, but the probability is high that modifier background genes vary from subline to subline. Chinese hamsters have diabetes ranging from mild to severe. Animals weighing 25 g can excrete up to 75 ml of urine containing 3 g of glucose per day. Fasting blood glucose as high as 500 mg/dl and 10 mumol/ml of beta-hydroxybutyrate have been reported. Gluconeogenesis is elevated, and some glycolytic enzymes are decreased in severe diabetes. Low levels of renal acid glycohydrolase enzymes may contribute to glomerular capillary loop basement membrane thickening in diabetic hamsters. Caloric restriction per se or reduction of dietary fat prevented onset of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in prediabetics. Morphologic changes have been observed in pancreatic islets, kidney, nerve, blood vessels, eyes, brain, and genito-urinary systems of diabetic Chinese hamsters. Pathogenesis of diabetes in this animal appears to be related to an increased demand for insulin. Initially there is a positive response to this demand by beta cells, but exhaustion occurs. This is followed by a decrease in beta-cell mass and relative or absolute insulin deficiency.
Diabetes 1982
PMID:The Chinese hamster as a model for the study of diabetes mellitus. 676 Nov 91

Platelet aggregates play an important role in rheology of the blood flow in microcirculation. The formation of platelet aggregates markedly raise the threshold diameter of the vessel at which the inversion of Fahraeus-Lindquist effect takes place. In different diseases (ischemic heart disease, diabetes) thromboxane A2 production by platelets is increased and, as a consequence, platelet aggregate formation is facilitated. Platelet aggregation is modulated by several mechanisms, among which thromboxane A2 and thrombin increase and prostacyclin decrease formation of platelet aggregates. Prostacyclin is able also to increase blood red cells deformability thus it appears one of the most important factors for the control of blood flow rheology in microcirculation. However, prostacyclin production is limited in time, and repeated and close periods of venous stasis induce exhaustion of prostacyclin production and increase the formation of platelet aggregates.
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PMID:Pathophysiological aspects of platelet aggregation in relation to blood flow rheology in microcirculation. 676 41

To determine whether protein excretion during exercise is an earlier sign of renal dysfunction in diabetic adolescents than the basal measurements, urinary creatinine, total proteins, albumin, and beta 2-microglobulin were studied before, immediately after, and 30 min after exercise until exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer in a group of 21 adolescent diabetic boys (Albustix negative) and in a comparable control group. Among the 21 diabetic subjects, 11 had an incipient retinopathy diagnosed by fluorescein angiography. Urinary output of creatinine was similar in diabetic and in nondiabetic groups, and did not vary during exercise. At rest, the urinary output of total proteins, albumin, and beta 2-microglobulin was significantly higher in diabetic subjects than in controls. These data suggest that the subclinical proteinuria of diabetes is of mixed origin, being both glomerular and tubular. An exercise test leading to exhaustion did not give any additional information other than the basal excretion. There was no difference between diabetic subjects with early retinal vascular changes and those free from all retinopathy.
Diabetes Care
PMID:Urinary excretion of total proteins, albumin, and beta 2-microglobulin during rest and exercise in diabetic adolescents with and without retinopathy. 676 13

The glycemic and insulinemic curves were followed up in 20 patients with hypertonic disease during the standard oral glucose-tolerance test. Normal glucose-tolerance (NGT) was found in 55%, suspected pathological (SPGT)--in 25% and pathological (PGT)--in 20%. Hypertonics have higher, later reaching its maximum and more prolonged insulin secretion. Normal or borderline normal glucose tolerance is maintained owing to the higher capacity of insulin secretion as compared with the control subjects. Glucose tolerance becomes pathological with the decrease or exhaustion of insulogenic index under that of the control subjects. The elevated blood sugar levels in patients with SPGT and PGT, accompanied with relative (statistically insignificant) hyperinsulinemia in the patients with NGT and PGT and statistically significant in patients with SPGT provide conditions for the enhancement of endogenous synthesis of triglycerides, related to atherogenesis. An opinion is expressed that: I. The hypertonic patients are threatened with atherosclerosis advancement not only by the effect of the increased vascular tone upon that process but also by the enhancement of triglyceride synthesis; 2. Hypertonic disease could be considered a risk factor in the origination of diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:[Carbohydrate tolerance and serum insulin in hypertension]. 701 Jul 88

Pancreatic ultrastructure as well as serum and pancreatic immunoreactive insulin content have been studied in nonoperated dogs rendered diabetic by the administration of growth hormone. In somatotrophic diabetes, the beta cells of the Langerhans islets were markedly degranulated and showed dilatation and prominence of the Golgi apparatus, cytoplasmic storage of glycogen, abnormalities of mitochondria as well as dilatation, vesiculation, degranulation and disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum. In some beta cells, damage was very severe and advanced. Accumulation of fat droplets and glycogen granules was found in the ductular epithelium. Fat droplets were also seen in the cytoplasm of a few alpha and acinar cells, however, these cells and the delta cells exhibited no major changes. In dogs with metasomatotrophic diabetes, neither regranulation nor neogenesis of beta cells were noted. Cytoplasmic glycogen storage was still apparent in both the beta and ductular epithelium cells. The serum insulin level was elevated in somatotrophic diabetes and reduced in metasomatotrophic diabetes; whereas, pancreatic immunoreactive insulin was decreased in somatotrophic diabetes and, to a greater extent, in metasomatotrophic diabetes. Present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that metasomatotrophic diabetes is a consequence of the overactivity, exhaustion and atrophy of the beta cells of the pancreatic islets produced by growth hormone.
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PMID:Pancreatic islet ultrastructure, serum and pancreatic immunoreactive insulin in somatotrophic and metasomatotrophic diabetes in dogs. 703 38

There are many studies that show that important and interesting differences exist in the patterns of diabetes mellitus, not only between countries but from group to group in the same country. Such big differences suggest the causes may be environmental, most of which are dietary and, therefore, preventable. In these dietary factors it is perhaps the pattern of eating, the presence or absence of cellulose, roughage and vegetable fibre, milk and fermented milk products such as yoghurt, which are of crucial importance. There is a quicker rise of blood glucose in the case of "non-masticatory-roughage-poor" dietary regimens as compared with "masticatory" milk, milk-products and roughage-rich regimens on account of faster gastric emptying in the former and slower gastric emptying in the latter. The hyperchlorhydria caused by fibre-poor non-masticatory meals produces an instantaneous secretin-release which results in hyperinsulinism. Such "sucrose-induced hyperinsulinism" leads to formation of insulin antibodies. Diabetes is caused by this excessive inactivation of insulin by antibodies, brought about by dietary factors, setting up the vicious cycle of hurried meals - hyperchlorhydria and secretin resulting in instantaneous insulin-release - neoglucogenesis more insulin-release - insulin antibodies and a further secretion of insulin - insulin antagonism - islet cell exhaustion - diabetes mellitus. There is evidence of an alternative mechanism in which diabetes appears to be caused by interference with insulin-release even though islets manufacture insulin normally.
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PMID:Secretin, glucagon, insulin-antibodies, islet-cell exhaustion and diabetes mellitus : a hypothesis. 703 9

The study included 75 young diabetics, having a mean age of 13.7 (+/- 3.4) years, and whose diabetes duration was 5.0 (+/- 3.1) years. All of the subjects were insulin dependent, and none had developed insulin resistance. Injections of either conventional or purified insulin were used. The subjects' diets were "spontaneously balanced", and their physical exercise was similar to non-diabetic school-age children. The 75 diabetics were arbitrarily divided into two groups, A and B, according to their average insulin dose/kg, either less than 1 U/kg or greater than 1 U/kg. Groups A and B were comparable according to their age, age of diabetic onset, degree of diabetic control, frequency of retinal complications, proportion of different insulin types, and concentration of beef or pork insulin antibodies. Insulin antibodies were therefore not responsible for any modification in insulin needs. Insulin needs per kg were very significantly correlated to residual secretion of endogenous insulin (r = -0.34; p less than 0.001). They were equally dependent on the duration of diabetes probably because of the progressive beta cell exhaustion. Insulin needs were also weakly negatively correlated to weight, therefore the heaviest diabetics injected an insulin/kg dose relatively less than the lighter diabetics.
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PMID:Exogenous insulin needs. Relationship with duration of diabetes, C-peptidemia, insulin antibodies, and retinopathy. 704 66

The authors followed oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide release and glycogen content in subcutaneous adipose tissue in 220 newborns of variable birthweights of normal and diabetic mothers. The average oxygen consumption of eutrophic newborn of healthy and diabetic mothers was 6.65 +/- 015 ml/kg.min and 5.11 +/- 0.21 ml/kg.min, respectively. The lower consumption of oxygen with concomitant higher RQ points to preferential utilization of glycides due to higher depots. The mean glycogen content in subcutaneous adipose tissue of diabetic newborns amounted to 1.001 +/- 0.117 mg/g wet weight, i.e. significantly higher as compared to newborns of healthy mothers of 0.479 +/- 0.031 mg/g wet weight. The newborns of mothers with gestational diabetes showed lower glycogen depots at the birth period than newborns of manifest diabetes mothers, though persisting during the first week of life. Except for these newborns the glycogen content decreased with age, nadir was reached between 24-48 h of life, which suggests rapid exhaustion of glycogen deposits from the adipose tissue. The correlation of total glycogen content with magnitudes of lipid reserves underlines the necessity of early nutritional regime in newborns, chiefly hypotrophic ones.
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PMID:Changes of glycogen in subcutaneous adipose tissue and energy metabolism in adaptation period of newborns of normal and diabetic mothers. 722 24

Hypoxia was shown to reduce insulin concentrations at rest and during exercise. However, some studies have also demonstrated increases in the hormone associated with arterial desaturation. This study was conducted in order to decide [1] whether acute alveolar hypoxia increased or decreased the circulating insulin levels, and [2] to elucidate whether interactions of insulin with other hormones were of relevance in this respect. Glucose (GLU), insulin (INS), c-peptide (CP), adrenaline and noradrenaline (CATs), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and cortisol (CORT) as well as the capillary blood gases were determined in 15 healthy fasting male volunteers (age: 26.2 +/- 2.8 years, body mass index: 22.4 +/- 2.7 kg.m-2). On two separate test days the subjects breathed, in random order, either normal air (N) or a gas mixture with reduced oxygen content (H; FIO2: 0.14). Measurements were made at rest as well as during an incremental cycle exercise in a supine position (increments of 6 min and 50 W) at 100 W and 150 W, at volitional exhaustion (N: 227 +/- 36 W; H: 200 +/- 32 W) as well as in the 5th min of recovery. Arterial desaturation was seen throughout on H-day. At rest all hormones and GLU were normal and showed no influence of H. During exercise INS remained constant on N-day, increased on H-day and was significantly higher with H than with N, most pronounced at 150 W and at volitional exhaustion with 20%, respectively. For CP and GLU no significant exercise-induced changes were seen on either test day and no influence of H was detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1995
PMID:Increase of serum insulin and stable c-peptide concentrations with exhaustive incremental graded exercise during acute hypoxia in sedentary subjects. 758 17

The Zn metabolism in experimental diabetic rats after maximal exercise was investigated. Forty male wistar rats were used, weighing 240 +/- 10 g at the beginning of this experiment. The animals were assigned to one of four experimental groups (n = 10): control at rest (CR), control plus exercise (CE), diabetic at rest (DR), and diabetic plus exercise (DE). Experimental diabetes was produced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg). Thirty days after injection of streptozotocin, the animals of groups CE and DE were forced to acute exercise (swimming) until exhaustion. Glucose, rectal temperature (RT), pH, swimming time (ST), hematocrit (Hct), serum, and tissue (heart, liver, kidney, and muscle) Zn concentrations were measured. The streptozotocin treated animals used in the current experiment were diabetic. Increases in hepatic, renal, muscle, and serum levels Zn at rest and after exercise until exhaustion were found in normal and diabetic rats. ST decreased (-180%) in the diabetic rat group. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that STZ-induced diabetes was associated with altered tissue Zn concentration, both at rest and after exercise.
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PMID:Zinc content in selected tissues in streptozotocin-diabetic rats after maximal exercise. 782 14


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