Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A prospective epidemiologic survey on the prevalence of foot disease in Hong Kong found foot disease in 64% of patients screened. All of the patients were ethnically Chinese. Of the conditions specified in the questionnaire, fungal foot infection, tinea pedis, and toenail onychomycosis were the most frequently encountered conditions, followed by metatarsal corns, eczema, psoriasis, and pes planus. Vascular disease, osteoarticular pathology, diabetes mellitus, obesity, atopy, and participation in sports were the main factors coexisting with the foot conditions. Of the study population, 17% and 21% reported that their quality of life was affected by pain and discomfort, respectively. These percentages are much lower than those obtained in other studies; it may therefore be inferred that foot complaints are being neglected by the ethnic Chinese population in Hong Kong.
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PMID:A prospective epidemiologic survey on the prevalence of foot disease in Hong Kong. 1223 66

The author describes a range of contraceptive methods, and their side effects, which may be acceptable for new parents. The methods are the oral contraceptive pill, Norplant, Depo-Provera, and intrauterine devices (IUD). Natural methods and permanent contraception are options described in insets. The author notes that differences in the effectiveness rates among available types of oral contraceptive pills are small enough not to merit consideration when deciding which kind of pill may be appropriate. Combination birth control pills are taken daily at the same time for 21 out of 28 days. Combination pills are not recommended for women with a history of hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases, thrombophlebitis, migraine headaches, diabetes, active gallbladder disease, or mononucleosis. Any hormonal method may be particularly risky for smokers over age 35. The mini-pill, containing a smaller amount of progesterone and no estrogen, is taken every day and is also on a 28-day cycle. Containing no estrogen, the mini-pill is often recommended for women who are nursing, who are over age 35, or who suffer from hypertension or migraines. Both adverse and positive side effects may be experienced from use. Norplant is the brand name of a contraceptive system which releases progesterone from under the skin of a woman's upper arm over the course of a five-year period. The system has a theoretical effectiveness rate of more than 99%, although the duration of effectiveness may be less than five years in overweight women. The most common side effect is irregular bleeding, and removal is often a longer and more difficult procedure than insertion. The most commonly used injectable hormonal contraceptive is Depo-Provera, a progesterone solution which works for up to three months. The majority of users experience some side effects. Finally, IUDs are highly effective and need to be replaced only every 1-10 years depending upon how they are made. Women typically experience discomfort during IUD insertion, and they should not be used by women under age 20 years, who have never had children, or who have ever had a pelvic infection.
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PMID:Birth control for new parents. 1229 Aug 91

Adequate control of blood sugar has been repeatedly shown to translate into reductions in diabetic complications. Although insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes can achieve and maintain near-normal glycemic goals associated with reductions in microvascular and macrovascular end points, it is often reserved for the later stages of management of these patients because of real or perceived concerns; these include fear and anxiety about worsening diabetes, failure of self-management, loss of quality of life, the pain of self-injection, and the possibility of multiple daily injections. Risks of hypoglycemia, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease may be concerns of physicians, but these risks are either manageable or, in the case of cardiovascular disease, unfounded. Taken together, the barriers to insulin therapy frequently compel physicians to consider it a treatment of last resort. Some of the more common barriers have been addressed through device options such as insulin pens and jet injectors, which may improve convenience but do not alleviate pain and discomfort. Transdermal delivery options using iontophoresis or ultrasound are in early stages of development, but methods based on transmucosal delivery-including buccal, nasal, and pulmonary routes-are further advanced. In particular, recent evidence shows that pulmonary forms of insulin are as safe and effective as rapid-acting injected insulin, and are well accepted by patients even over long-term periods of use. These innovative delivery systems may help overcome the barriers to insulin use.
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PMID:Evaluation of alternative strategies for optimizing glycemia: progress to date. 1243 59

Diabetic retinopathy represents a serious health threat to a rapidly growing number of patients with diabetes mellitus. The retinal microangiopathy is characterised by vascular lesions with exudate deposits and haemorrhages causing vision loss. Pycnogenol, a standardised extract of the bark of the French maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), is known to increase capillary resistance. Pycnogenol has been tested for treatment and prevention of retinopathy in five clinical trials with a total number of 1289 patients since the late 1960's. All but one of these studies have been reported in French and German and, today, are of limited accessibility, giving the impetus for reviewing them in detail in this article. There were two open case studies and two double blind studies (one controlled against calcium dobesilate and another against placebo) and, finally, one multi-center field study with 1169 diabetics. All of these studies unequivocally showed that Pycnogenol retains progression of retinopathy and partly recovers visual acuity. Treatment efficacy of Pycnogenol was at least as good as that of calcium dobesilate. Pycnogenol was shown to improve capillary resistance and reduce leakages into the retina. Tolerance was generally very good and side effects were rare, mostly referring to gastric discomfort. In conclusion, treatment with Pycnogenol had a favourable outcome in the majority of the patients with diabetic retinopathy.
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PMID:Pycnogenol for diabetic retinopathy. A review. 1249 13

A 51-year-old woman with autoimmune pancreatitis is reported in whom treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was beneficial. Complaining of epigastric discomfort, she presented with liver dysfunction of the cholestatic type, and diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic imaging revealed a diffuse swelling of the body, an irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct, and a terminal stricture of the common bile duct. Histologically, the biopsied pancreas was replaced by fibrous tissue with a small amount of mononuclear cell infiltration. She had anti-carbonic anhydrase-II antibody and anti-lactoferrin antibody. After treatment with UDCA, her liver dysfunction and diabetes mellitus improved and the pancreas size was reduced. Steroid therapy is usually indicated for this disorder, but UDCA may be given as an alternative choice.
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PMID:Autoimmune pancreatitis successfully treated with ursodeoxycholic acid. 1252 Nov 87

A 56-year-old black woman with diabetes mellitus was admitted for hypoglycemia and confusion. Her past medical history included breast cancer, for which she had undergone a left lumpectomy and then mastectomy for in-breast recurrence. Her oral intake had decreased during the past month because of increasing discomfort from left-sided chest pain. During this period, she continued to take pioglitazone for diabetes at her originally prescribed dose. The patient's mental status improved quickly after taking orange juice and intravenous glucose, but the chest pain persisted. The pain, which was described as an ache along the left costal margin, increased with palpation, deep inspiration, or coughing. She had recently presented with similar complaints at another hospital where she had been prescribed a muscle relaxant that provided no relief from the pain. She also reported a 14-lb weight loss during the previous 3 months, as well as fatigue, weakness, and aches in her legs and arms. She denied fevers, chills, sweats, abdominal pain, nausea, or recent trauma. Laboratory values at the time of admission were: calcium, 11.8 mg/dL; total protein, 11.1 mg/dL; albumin, 3.2 g/dL; creatinine, 1.0 mg/dL; and hematocrit, 29.3%, with a mean corpuscular volume of 89.3. Chest radiography revealed a lytic lesion in the left lateral fourth rib and left humerus (). Serum and urine protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal spike in the gamma region consistent with monoclonal gammopathy. The serum spike was quantified at 3.78 g/dL. A skeletal survey showed many small well-defined lytic lesions in the skull (with one 1.5-cm lytic lesion in the upper posterior parietal bone), arms, and legs. A bone scan showed multiple foci of increased uptake in the right and left ribs as well as the proximal portion of the left femur. The peripheral blood smear revealed rouleaux formation () and plasma cells (). What is the diagnosis?
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PMID:Cases from the Osler medical service at Johns Hopkins University. 1275 89

Case 1: A 52-year-old man presented with a chief complaint of palpitation. Diabetes mellitus was pointed out in 1992. Electrocardiography (ECG) revealed left ventricular hypertrophy in 1997. He visited our department in October 1997. Echocardiography showed increased wall thickness at the interventricular septum. The diagnosis was hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Holter ECG revealed nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in December 1997. After this, he visited our outpatient clinic. Echocardiography indicated ventricular aneurysm in January 2002, so he was hospitalized in March 2002. Case 2: A 64-year-old woman was transferred to our hospital because of chest discomfort and tachycardial attack. She had been treated for hypertension and diabetes mellitus. She was taken to a hospital by ambulance. On admission, ECG showed wide QRS tachycardia. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in both patients disclosed almost complete obstruction of the mid-ventricle in the systolic phase on long- and short-axis cine images, and gadolinium delayed imaging revealed contrast hyperenhancement corresponding to an apical ventricular aneurysm on both long- and short-axis images. The final diagnosis was mid-ventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with apical aneurysm characterized by delayed hyperenhancement on magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium.
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PMID:[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with mid-ventricular obstruction complicated by apical aneurysm appearing as delayed contrast hyperenhancement on magnetic resonance imaging: two case reports]. 1296 19

A telephone survey of 349 randomly-selected women living in Greater Vancouver was conducted to assess their understanding of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The results revealed that women have not yet personalized AMI risk information. Participants indicated a need for more information pertaining to symptom recognition for AMI; they were largely unaware that females may experience AMI differently than do males. Participants were less aware of the risks that diabetes, obesity and menopause pose for AMI. Approximately 36% of these women intended to delay treatment-seeking in the presence of suspicious AMI symptoms. One-third or fewer participants would call for an ambulance for the most serious AMI symptoms. Alongside a recent poll result indicating that a large majority of Canadians believe immediate emergency care for chest discomfort and chest pain is unnecessary, these findings are an alert to health care professionals that much work lies ahead in educating the public regarding treatment-seeking for AMI.
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PMID:Evaluating treatment-seeking for acute myocardial infarction in women. 1502 31

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensory-motor disorder characterized by discomfort of and urge to move the legs, primarily during rest or inactivity, partial or total relief with movement, with presence or worsening exclusively in the evening. It is a relatively common but frequently unrecognized disorder, with a prevalence ranging from 2.5 to 15% of the general population, increasing with age and with a female preponderance. The diagnosis is clinical but polysomnography is useful to determine its profound impact on sleep (difficulties in sleep onset, maintaining sleep during the night, and sleep fragmentation) and for the evidence of periodic legs movements during sleep and wake. RLS is generally idiopathic, with familial association in 40-60% of the cases, but may also be symptomatic of such associated conditions (secondary forms) as peripheral neuropathies, uremia, iron deficiency (with or without anemia), diabetes, Parkinson's disease and pregnancy. Response to dopaminergic drugs indicates that dopamine receptors are implicated, and although much progress has been made in diagnosis and treatment in the last decade, more is needed for complete elucidation of the etiology and pathophysiology of RLS.
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PMID:Epidemiology and clinical findings of restless legs syndrome. 1516 38

Vaginal infections, during reproductive period are frequent and although not life treating, they can affect their normal functions. They can also affect women's fertility as well as the course of pregnancy. The outcome of pregnancy can be endangered due to the possibility of infection of newborn while passing trough birth canal of the infected mother. As statistically shown, bacterial vaginosis is considerably more often found with the patients having precancerous changes on cervix, or diagnosed cancer of cervix, comparing with women with healthy cervix. It can also cause the appearance of postoperative pelvic cellulitis after hysterectomy. On the other side, the presence of S. agalactiae in vaginal secretion may cause very serious and lethal infections of the newborn such as meningitis, pneumonia and sepsis. As for protozoa T. vaginalis it has been shown that it could cause reduced fertility ability and that during pregnancy it could damage fetal membranes and bring to its premature rupture and premature birth. There is also increased risk of cervix cancer. During reproductive period of women especially if risk factors are existing such as hormone therapy, diabetes mellitus type 1 and applications of wide range antibiotics, vaginal fungal infections caused by Candida can frequently appear. These infection apart from the discomfort like itch and affluent secretion they can also mean diagnostic and therapeutical problem. Regular microbiological test of women are highly recommended during reproductive period as standard for bacterial vaginosis, fungal and trichomonas infections. If those results appear negative, further microbiological tests are necessary. Such tests which are more elaborate, more timely and more expensive are referring to tests on chlamydia, microplasma and some viruses that can also be the cause of vaginal secretion disbalance in women during reproductive period.
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PMID:[Importance of microbiologic examination of vaginal secretions in the reproductive period]. 1522 66


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