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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Long-acting oral contraceptives (OCs) for women were available for clinical experimentation in 1969. Through the country, 29 provinces, cities, and autonomous regions participated in this expirement. Based upon the cases between 1969 and 1976 findings from this expirement can be summarized as follows: 1) the 3 types of long-acting OCs have proved to be very effective, and the rate of breast cancer and cervical cancer is lower than the normal rate. The childbearing ability can be restored rapidly after discontinued use of the contraceptives. The impact on menses and metaboliism is not very serious. The health of the users and the newborn babies has not been found to be endangered. Statistics show that long-acting OCs are comparatively more secure measures for birth control; 2) some users have experienced dizziness, nausea, and excessive leukorrhea, and discontdiscontinued because of discomfort and inconvenience. This situation has some impact on the popular use of long-acting OCs. Research and studies are underway on a reduced dosage and reduction of side effects; 3) women who suffer from hepatitis, nephritis, a history of liver and kidney problems, breast tumors, cervical cancer, diabetes, active low blood sugar, or a history of having over-sized babies, or an overweight problem should not use OCs. Women who suffer from high blood pressure can only use OCs with a doctor's advice and caution.
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PMID:[Clinical observations on long-acting oral contraceptives--a report of 43,373 (author's transl)]. 26 34

Copper IUDs, oral contraceptives, "morning-after' pills and injectables are discussed in general in this review. Small IUDs are less effective, but better tolerated. An exception is the Dalkon shield, which is no longer manufactured because several women died from latent infections when they became pregnant. The Copper T IUD is tolerated much better than the Copper 7, and has only a 3% failure rate. Copper Ts must be replaced every 2 years, however, and are difficult to remove. A beneficial effect of IUDs is cure of uterine adhesions; a subjective side effect if discomfort reported by husbands. Strict contraindications or oral contraceptives are history of cholostatic jaundice of pregnancy, thromboembolism, essential hypertension, tension, diabetes, gynecologic cancer and pregnancy. Relative contraindications are hyperthyroidism, hyperlipidemia, and depression. Depressions occuring soon after starting pills may be due to unconscious rejection; those appearing later may be due to the progestagen itself. The subjective sequelae of pills are more likely in maternal women, women raised to feel guilty for using contraception, women susceptible to believing sensational media reports about pills, and women dominated by their husband's views. Pills are beneficial for essential dysmenorrhea, menstrual irregularity, premenstrual syndrome, depression, frigidity due to fear of pregnancy, uterine hypotrophy, ovarian cyst, certain ovarian dystrophies such as Stein Levinthan syndrome, menopausal symptoms, acne and hirsutism. The morning after pill, 5 mg ethinyl estradiol for 3 consecutive days, is indicated only in exceptional cases such as rape. Injectables are more suitable for those who desire long-term contraception and whose who want no more children. A lower cancer rate has been reported for users of depot progestagens than for women notu sing contraception.
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PMID:[Subjective and objective aspects of modern methods of contraception]. 114 75

The two primary components of achieving proper shoe fit are shoe shape and shoe size. Shoe shape refers to the shape of both the sole and the upper. Proper fit is achieved when shoe shape is matched to foot shape. Shoe size is determined by arch length rather than overall foot length. The proper shoe size is the one that accommodates the first metatarsal joint in the widest part of the shoe. A set of seven guidelines for achieving proper shoe fit is offered. Properly fitting shoes are important in avoiding foot discomfort and deformity, and are absolutely essential in patients with arthritis, diabetes, and other foot disorders.
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PMID:The art and science of fitting shoes. 162 89

Early detection of pancreatic cancer was prospectively evaluated by measuring serum immunoreactive elastase (IRE) in 722 patients in two hospitals during the past 18 months. Patients included in the study were over 40 years of age and had symptoms suggestive of pancreatic disease such as upper abdominal pain, discomfort or mass, jaundice, weight loss, or diabetes. Among the 722 patients, 171 exhibited elevation of serum IRE. Pancreatic diseases were subsequently found in 42% of the 171 patients. Pancreatic cancer was found in 22 patients, among which 17 had elevated serum IRE. Among the 17 pancreatic cancer patients with elevated IRE, 10 underwent radical resection of the cancer but in none of the five patients with normal serum IRE could radical resection be carried out. Three of the 10 patients had a small cancer less than 2 cm in diameter and two of them survived for more than three years. Patients over 40 or 45 years of age complaining of upper abdominal pain of recent onset that cannot be explained by diseases other than that of the pancreas would be candidates for measurement of serum elastase, and this is an effective way to detect pancreatic cancer at an early stages.
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PMID:Prospective trial for early detection of pancreatic cancer by elevated serum immunoreactive elastase. 170 75

This study explored the generality vs. specificity of attitudes as measured by the Interaction with Disabled Persons Scale. This scale is a new measure devised to measure discomfort in social interaction posited to be experienced by people with low levels of prior contact with people with disabilities. Twelve parallel versions of the IDP Scale were administered to a sample of 481 respondents. Eleven versions specified a different disabling condition in the preamble to the scale, whilst one version was based on the general concept of disability. Analyses of variance indicated that type of disability did not significantly influence responding, whereas a significant main effect emerged for level of prior contact. These findings are interpreted as providing support for the rationale of the IDP Scale and for the operation of generalized attitudes towards people with disabilities. Further analysis using t tests revealed six significant differences between parallel forms for diabetes, AIDS, drug dependence and other disabilities. These results were interpreted as reflecting high public awareness of these conditions and the likelihood that they fall outside the public definition of disability.
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PMID:Generality vs. specificity of attitudes towards people with disabilities. 182 64

In the present study a randomized cross-over design was used to determine the clinical usefulness of adding 16 g of beet fiber to the ordinary diet of non-insulin dependent diabetic (NIDDM) out-patients. In addition, fiber effects on the gastrointestinal hormone responses to a standardized test meal were evaluated. The study included five patients treated with diet alone and eight patients treated with diet and sulphonylurea (SU). Beet fiber supplementation resulted in a 10% reduction (P less than 0.01) of serum cholesterol in SU-treated patients. No differences were found for fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, serum triglycerides or body weight. In the diet-treated patients, fasting plasma somatostatin was elevated during the fiber period. However, postprandial responses of insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide and somatostatin were not influenced by an increased fiber intake in any group. All patients experienced mild gastrointestinal discomfort during the fiber period. In view of the limited metabolic benefit of beet fiber treatment we conclude that there is little use for this type of dietary fiber in the routine treatment of patients with NIDDM.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1991 Feb
PMID:Metabolic effects and clinical value of beet fiber treatment in NIDDM patients. 185 Jun 91

A pair of 37-year-old identical twins with diabetes mellitus are described. One of the brothers was admitted for heart failure without pain, and autonomic neuropathy was found. The clinical diagnosis was inferior myocardial infarction with anteroseptal healed myocardial infarction. Cardiac catheterization revealed triple coronary vessel involvement. The diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy after sudden death. The other brother was also examined by cardiac catheterization, which revealed total right coronary occlusion and hypokinesis of the wall. There had been no previous pain nor upper body discomfort until that time in either twin. Thus, genetic factors should possibly be considered in the genesis of asymptomatic or silent myocardial infarction.
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PMID:Painless myocardial infarction in identical diabetic twins. 186 90

Although microdialysis has been available for almost two decades, it has only recently been applied in investigations of adipose tissue. The microdialysis technique enables continuous sampling of metabolites and other small molecules from the extracellular space of subcutaneous adipose tissue from intact animals or man, and the exposure of this compartment locally to metabolically active agents without causing generalized effects. To date, the method has been used to measure the steady-state interstitial levels of metabolites and to investigate the regulation of lipolysis and carbohydrate metabolism in situ in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Apart from a great potential for experimental research, the microdialysis method offers several new possibilities for clinical investigation. Because microdialysis probes are easy to implant and cause little discomfort, they may be used for continuous monitoring of glucose and glycerol (lipolysis index) in the treatment of diabetes, obesity and other disorders characterized by disturbances in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
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PMID:Microdialysis of adipose tissue. 191 34

Coping in terms of physical, social, and psychological well-being and health-seeking behavior were studied by a self-reported questionnaire in 233 outpatients with myocardial infarction below 70 years of age. For most of these patients, physical limitations or discomfort were not significant, but the impacts on their emotion and social life were rather severe. As to social maladjustment, 70.3% of the patients were experiencing a deteriorated sexual life, 63.9% had not returned to their prior work status, 55.6% had decreased social participation and 45.7% had less interest in leisure activities. Physical morbidity was not the only determinant of maladaptation. Sex, educational level, existence of combined chronic disease, the time interval, and premorbid occupational characteristics all appear to be salient factors for coping. Those patients with a lower educational level were prone to the prominent threat of the disease (perceived lack of control and predictability), had higher scores of psychiatric symptoms, reported more physical symptoms, had a lower rate of work resumption and showed poorer medical compliance. Such data indicates that differences in disease-perception may be the mediators of socioenvironmental and illness-related influences. The rate of work resumption was also directly proportional to the patients' socioeconomic status and the degree of premorbid work responsibility and psychological demand reported by patients. Poorer outcomes of coping were also related to time interval since first heart attack and combined diabetes mellitus. Recovery from myocardial infarction is more than just a medical problem. Biomedical and psychosocial variables interact at many levels in the recovery process. It is of considerable practical importance to recognize the patients' coping ability, in order to obtain effective comprehensive care.
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PMID:[Life quality of post-myocardial infarction patients: influence of personal variables on coping]. 197 24

It is now recognized that dietary carbohydrate components influence the prevalence and severity of common degenerative diseases such as dental problems, diabetes, heart disease and obesity. Fructose and sucrose have been evaluated and compared to glucose using glucose tolerance tests, but few such comparisons have been performed for a "natural" sugar source such as honey. In this study, 33 upper trimester chiropractic students volunteered for oral glucose tolerance testing comparing sucrose, fructose and honey during successive weeks. A 75-gm carbohydrate load in 250 ml of water was ingested and blood sugar readings were taken at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 240 minutes. Fructose showed minimal changes in blood sugar levels, consistent with other studies. Sucrose gave higher blood sugar readings than honey at every measurement, producing significantly (p less than .05) greater glucose intolerance. Honey provided the fewest subjective symptoms of discomfort. Given that honey has a gentler effect on blood sugar levels on a per gram basis, and tastes sweeter than sucrose so that fewer grams would be consumed, it would seem prudent to recommend honey over sucrose.
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PMID:Differential effects of honey, sucrose, and fructose on blood sugar levels. 200 97


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