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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clinical and risk factor profile of 101 consecutive female patients subjected to coronary angiography was analysed. Coronary angiography showed single vessel disease (SVD) in 15.8 per cent, double vessel disease (DVD) in 12.9 per cent, triple vessel disease (TVD) in 39.6 per cent and normal coronary arteries (NC) in 30.7 per cent. Risk factor profile in patients with angiographic coronary artery disease (group II) included hypertension (HT) in 52.9 per cent, diabetes mellitus (DM) in 44.3 per cent, post menopausal state in 84.3 per cent, positive family history in 51.4 per cent, obesity in 58.3 per cent, low density and high density lipoprotein ratio (LDL/HDL) more than 3.0 in 58 per cent and smoking in 4.3 per cent. Risk factors in 31 patients with NC (group I) included HT in 29 per cent, DM in 6.5 per cent, positive family history in 45.2 per cent, obesity in 45.2 per cent, post menopausal state in 48.4 per cent, LDL/HDL ratio more than 3.0 in 30 per cent and smoking in none. The clinical presentation in group II was unstable angina in 64.3 per cent, stable angina pectoris in 24.3 per cent, myocardial infarction in 4.3 per cent and atypical chest pain in 2.8 per cent. In group I half the patients presented with atypical chest pain. The other modes of presentation included unstable angina 25.8 per cent, stable angina pectoris in 16.2 per cent and myocardial infarction in 6.5 per cent. Predictive value of exercise electrocardiography (Ex ECG) or exercise radionuclide studies (Ex RNU) was 61.7 and 68.4 per cent respectively. DM, post-menopausal state and LDL/HDL ratio more than 3 were significant risk factors in women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Profile of coronary artery disease in Indian women: correlation of clinical, non invasive and coronary angiographic findings. 189 97

The morbidity rate of coronary artery disease has recently increased in Japan. This is attributable to changes from traditional to more westernized lifestyles. In this study, we therefore examined the risk factors and predictors of coronary arterial lesions in Japanese patients with essential hypertension. Coronary angiography was performed in 109 consecutive essential hypertension patients (57 men and 52 women; 66 +/- 8.0 years of age) with either angina pectoris or atypical chest pain, who were chosen from 485 consecutive hypertensive patients in a hypertension clinic in Sendai, Japan. Coronary arterial stenosis of greater than 50% was defined as significant and used as a dependent variable for the multiple regression analysis. Risk factors were defined as factors confirmed to have a causal relationship with coronary arterial lesions, whereas arteriosclerotic complications and hypertensive target organ damage were defined as predictors. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using these parameters as independent variables. Of 109 patients, 25 had a coronary arterial stenosis greater than 50%. A smoking habit (odds ratio (OR): 4.48; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-17.82; p<0.05), hypercholesterolemia (OR: 5.34; 95% CI: 1.52-18.73; p<0.05), and 24-h diastolic blood pressure (OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.06-5.16; p<0.05) were significant risk factors, whereas carotid intima-media thickness (OR: 5.85; 95% CI: 1.48-23.2; p<0.05) was a significant predictor of coronary arterial lesion. When two of the major risk factors (a smoking habit, hypercholesterolemia, or impaired glucose tolerance including diabetes mellitus) were clustered in addition to the hypertension, the risk of coronary arterial lesions increased by 6.7 to 10.1 times. These findings indicate that the major risk factors established in Caucasians, i.e., a smoking habit, hypercholesterolemia and blood pressure level, are also risk factors for coronary arterial lesions in Japanese with essential hypertension. The presence of two or more risk factors increases the risk of coronary arterial lesions synergistically in the presence of hypertension.
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PMID:Risk factors and predictors of coronary arterial lesions in Japanese hypertensive patients. 1121 27

BACKGROUND: Apart from diabetes itself, even minor glycometabolic dysregulation may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We analyzed the prevalence and predictive value of glycometabolic disturbances in patients with a suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: In a prospective follow-up study, admission glucose and Hba1C levels in all consecutive patients with suspected ACS were measured. Dysglycemia was defined as a Hba1C of 5.6-6.1% with a non-fasting glucose above 7.8 mmol/L. Both predictors of glycometabolic disturbances and the predictive value of glycometabolic disturbances were studied. RESULTS: Of the 521 patients with a suspected ACS who were included in the study, 332 (64%) had an ACS and 189 (36%) had atypical chest pain. A total of 115 patients (22%) had diabetes and 65 (13%) had dysglycemia. Patients with diabetes or dysglycemia had an increased risk of a confirmed diagnosis of ACS (RR 2.3, 95% CI 1.5-3.4). Multivariate analyses did not change these findings. CONCLUSIONS: One in three patients with suspected ACS had a glucose metabolism disturbance. Glycometabolic disturbance was strongly associated with a confirmed diagnosis of ACS. Whether intensive treatment of patients with disturbed glucose metabolism may improve long-term prognosis needs to be assessed.
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PMID:Dysglycemia in suspected acute coronary syndromes. 1573 18

A 74-year-old man with a history of diabetes and arterial hypertension, presented with right ventricular failure, remarkable jugular venous distension, hepatomegaly, and swelling of the lower extremities. He was complaining of atypical chest pain and was referred for an echocardiogram and a myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging study. The echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular function with a dilated right atrium and right ventricle, severe tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary hypertension, and an atrial septal defect with bidirectional shunt. The SPECT images showed normal left ventricular function with no areas of induced ischemia but an impressive right ventricle with severe dilatation and hypertrophy. A right ventricular "perfusion abnormality," consistent with ischemic changes, seen on stress but less evident on rest images was demonstrated on the dual isotope (Tl-201 rest/Tc-99m MIBI stress) protocol but not seen on the single isotope study (rest/stressTc-99m MIBI). Coronary angiogram showed diffuse coronary atherosclerosis but without significant obstruction.
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PMID:Right ventricular wall "ischemia" findings using a dual isotope protocol. 1766 45

Cardiovascular manifestation of diabetes has remarkable therapeutic and prognostic implications. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a distinct heart muscle disease in patients with well-controlled diabetes mellitus that cannot be ascribed to coronary artery disease, hypertension or any other known cardiac disease. It is characterized by left ventricular diastolic dysfunction that can be detected in 52-60% of well-controlled type II diabetic subjects using contemporary Doppler techniques. Pathophysiologically, hyperglycaemia causes myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, as well as the increase of myocardial free radicals and oxidants, which decrease nitric oxide levels, worsen the endothelial function and induce myocardial inflammation. Insulin resistance with hyperinsulinaemia and decreased insulin sensitivity are responsible for left ventricular hypertrophy. Clinical manifestations of diabetic cardiomyopathy are dispnoea, arrhythmias, atypical chest pain or dizziness. The treatment of diabetic cardiomopathy should be initiated as early as diastolic dysfunction is identified. Various therapeutic options include improving diabetic control with both diet and drugs (metformin and thiazolidinediones), use of ACE inhibitors, beta blockers and calcium channel blockers. Daily physical activity and reduction in body mass index may improve glucose homeostasis by reducing the glucose/insulin ratio, and the increase of both insulin sensitivity and glucose oxidation by the skeletal and cardiac muscles. Metformin and thiazolidinendiones are used to treat insulin resistance, but have different mechanisms of action. Metformin reduces free fatty amino acids effluvium from fat cells, thereby suppressing hepatic glucose production and indirectly improving peripheral insulin sensitivity and the endothelial function. In contrast, thiazolidinediones improve peripheral insulin sensitivity by reducing circulating free fatty amino acids, but also increasing production of adiponectin, which improves insulin sensitivity. Beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents are effective in preventing or reversing myocardial dilatation and remodelling, while ACE inhibitors facilitate blood flow through microcirculation in coronary vascular bed, fat and skeletal muscle, as well as improve insulin action at the cellular level.
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PMID:[Diabetic cardiomyopathy: old disease or new entity?]. 1808 46

Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is frequently considered as a form of coronary artery disease. Cardiovascular risk factors were determined in a patient population with CAE. The 51 patients with isolated CAE (group 1), 61 patients with CAE coexisting with significant coronary stenosis (group 2), and 62 subjects with significant coronary stenosis (group 3) were included in the study, and the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors was compared. Thirty of 51 patients with isolated CAE had presented with typical angina pectoris, 8 patients with unstable angina pectoris, and 13 patients had atypical chest pain or palpitation. The 21 of 51 patients with isolated CAE had definitive positive treadmill exercise test results. Positive family history was similar in each group. The history of smoking was similar in group 1 and group 2 but higher than group 3. Frequency of hypertension was similar in group 1 and group 2 but higher than that in group 3. Frequency of diabetes mellitus was similar in group 1 and group 2 but lower than group 3. Plasma lipid levels and the number of patients with lipid disturbances were also similar in each group. In addition, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were above the normal limits and there was no difference among groups with respect to plasma CRP levels. CAE appears to be associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, and hyperlipidemia. In addition, elevated CRP level in patients with CAE may suggest the role of inflammatory process in development of CAE.
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PMID:Identifying cardiovascular risk factors in a patient population with coronary artery ectasia. 1821 79

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a controversial clinical entity that in its initial state is usually characterized by left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus that cannot be explained by coronary artery disease, hypertension, or any other known cardiac disease. It was reported in up to 52-60% of well-controlled type-II diabetic subjects, but more recent studies, using standardized tissue Doppler criteria and more strict patient selection, revealed a much lower prevalence. The pathological substrate is myocardial damage, left ventricular hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, structural and functional changes of the small coronary vessels, metabolic disturbance, and autonomic cardiac neuropathy. Hyperglycemia causes myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, as well as the increase of myocardial free radicals and oxidants, which decrease nitric oxide levels, worsen the endothelial function, and induce myocardial inflammation. Insulin resistance with hyperinsulinemia and decreased insulin sensitivity may also contribute to the left ventricular hypertrophy. Clinical manifestations of diabetic cardiomyopathy may include dyspnea, arrhythmias, atypical chest pain, and dizziness. Currently, there is no specific treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy that targets its pathophysiological substrate, but various therapeutic options are discussed that include improving diabetic control with both diet and drugs (metformin and thiazolidinediones), the use of ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Daily physical activity and a reduction in body mass index may improve glucose homeostasis by reducing the glucose/insulin ratio and the increase of both insulin sensitivity and glucose oxidation by the skeletal and cardiac muscles.
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PMID:Diabetic cardiomyopathy: ongoing controversies in 2012. 2322 71

Treatment delays in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are related to increased morbidity and mortality. Hence, identifying determinants of delay may help reduce time to treatment. Importantly, limited data suggest that there may be sex-related disparities in benchmark timelines. Although guidelines advocate the use of the first medical contact (FMC) rather than hospital admission as the moment from which delays to treatment should be monitored, the latter is still often used for quality purposes. We aimed to identify factors associated with treatment delays, with an emphasis on sex-related disparities. We reviewed data on 3,658 patients with AMI from 2 contemporary, consecutive multicenter surveys. Measured delays were FMC-to-electrocardiogram >10 minutes in ST-elevation MI (STEMI) and non-STEMI, FMC-to-primary percutaneous coronary intervention >90 minutes in STEMI, and invasive angiography >72 hours after admission in non-STEMI patients. Timely electrocardiogram was performed in 48% of patients with STEMI and in 39.8% of non-STEMI patients without significant sex-related differences. Independent determinants of delay included atypical chest pain (CP) and presentation during daytime. In patients with STEMI, 37.5% had primary percutaneous coronary intervention in less than 90 minutes without significant sex-related disparities. Independent determinants of delay included atypical CP, night presentation, and diabetes. In non-STEMI patients, independent determinants of delayed invasive approach were female sex, age >75 years, atypical CP, and renal failure. In conclusion, significant treatment delays in patients with AMI are still frequent in contemporary practice, highlighting the need for improvement and guidelines implementation. Predictors of delay identified in our study may facilitate targeting of interventions to improve adherence to guidelines.
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PMID:Contemporary Determinants of Delayed Benchmark Timelines in Acute Myocardial Infarction in Men and Women. 2886 23

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of death in women worldwide. Every year, in the USA alone, more than 30,000 young women <55 years of age are hospitalized with AMI. In recent decades, the incidence of AMI is increasing in younger women in the context of increasing metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and non-traditional risk factors such as stress, anxiety, and depression. Although women are classically considered to present with atypical chest pain, several observational data confirm that men and women experience similar rates of chest pain, with some differences in intensity, duration, radiation, and the choice of descriptors. Women also experience more number of symptoms and more prodromal symptoms compared with men. Suboptimal awareness, sociocultural and financial reasons result in pre-hospital delays in women and lower rates of access to care with resulting undertreatment with guideline-directed therapies. Causes of AMI in young women include plaque-related MI, microvascular dysfunction or vasospasm, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Compared with men, women have greater in-hospital, early and late mortality, as a result of baseline comorbidities. Post-AMI women have lower referral to cardiac rehabilitation with more dropouts, lower levels of physical activity, and poorer improvements in health status compared with men, with higher inflammatory levels at 1-year from index presentation. Future strategies should focus on primary and secondary prevention, adherence, and post-AMI health-related quality of life. This review discusses the current evidence in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of AMI in young women.
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PMID:Acute myocardial infarction in young women: current perspectives. 2992 97

After being admitted to hospital with atypical chest pain, a 61-year-old woman was noted to become lethargic and confused. She also developed global dysphasia. MRI was suggestive of encephalitis, and lumbar puncture was positive for cytomegalovirus (CMV) PCR. The patient was treated with intravenous ganciclovir and subsequent oral valganciclovir and she gradually made a reasonable recovery. While this infection is usually closely linked to immunosuppression, the patient was found to be HIV negative, and was not on any immunosuppressive therapy. Going through the patient's medical history revealed two possible risk factors which might have led to the development of CMV encephalitis: immunosuppression secondary to underlying poorly controlled diabetes mellitus; and previous admission to the intensive care unit which might have lead to CMV reactivation.
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PMID:CMV encephalitis in an immune-competent patient. 2998 May 13


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