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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Risperidone has a relatively low risk of causing obesity and diabetes mellitus and is a first-line treatment for schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to investigate glucose and lipid metabolism, and feeding-control parameters in schizophrenia patients treated with long-term risperidone monotherapy. Fifteen patients with paranoid-type schizophrenia who had been treated with risperidone and had Global Assessment of Function (GAF) scores >70 were selected and compared with healthy volunteers (n = 25). Single assessments of psychotic symptoms, side-effects, Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS) score, bodyweight, body fat percentage and blood sampling were performed. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, adiponectin, prolactin and feeding-control parameters (ghrelin and leptin) were analyzed. The body fat percentage (P = 0.0018), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.0150), fasting blood glucose (P = 0.0358), triglyceride (P = 0.0377), leptin (P = 0.0243), total ghrelin (P = 0.0067), active ghrelin (P = 0.0241) and prolactin (P < 0.0001) levels of patients treated with risperidone were significantly higher than those of healthy volunteers, while the HDL-cholesterol level (P = 0.0222) was significantly lower. Although the patients had very mild psychiatric symptoms and maintained functionally high levels, the glucose and lipid parameters were significantly impaired compared to healthy volunteers. A high level of plasma ghrelin might increase appetite, leading to exacerbation of metabolic impairment.
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PMID:Glucose and lipid metabolism of long-term risperidone monotherapy in patients with schizophrenia. 1723 39

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains a common cause of cognitive impairment and persists in 15-55% of HIV+ individuals in the combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) era. CART is now the primary treatment for HAND, but it is effective in only a subset of patients. In the pre-CART era, HIV-associated dementia was the most common form of HAND. However, in CART-treated patients, the prevalence of HIV-associated dementia has declined substantially, and milder stages of HAND, i.e., ANI and MND predominate. HIV+ patients with mild neurocognitive disorder (MND) can still have significant functional impairment in some activities of daily living. There have been several other significant changes in the clinical features of HAND in the CART era. The mean survival for an individual diagnosed with HIV dementia has increased dramatically. In HIV+ individuals on CART with a suppressed systemic viral load, the majority of individuals with HAND remain stable, with a small proportion showing deterioration. Extrapyramidal signs are now less common in patients with HAND on CART. In the CART era, HAND may have a mixed pattern of both cortical and subcortical features with greater deficits in executive functioning and working memory. Despite the milder clinical phenotype, in the CART era, patients with HAND still have persistent laboratory and neuroimaging abnormalities in the central nervous system even with systemic viral suppression. As the HIV+ patient population ages, cerebrovascular disease risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia are increasingly recognized as risk factors for cognitive impairment in HIV+ patients on CART. HAND remains a common neurological condition globally in the CART era, necessitating the need for new animal models to examine pathogenesis and potential treatments for HAND.
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PMID:Changing clinical phenotypes of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. 2875 95