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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seventy-seven episodes of pneumococcal meningitis in 69 patients were reviewed. Twelve (15.6%) episodes occurred in those over 60 years old, 14 (18.2%) in patients between 10 and 60 years, 22 (28.6%) in patients between 2 and 10 years and 29 (37.7%) in those under 2 years. Overall mortality was 13.0% (10/77) and age of > 60 years was significantly associated with mortality (P < 0.05). Twelve episodes resulted in disabilities, eight of which were in those under 2 years, and took the form of hearing impairment in nine. Many patients had predisposing conditions with aural pathology, malignancy and diabetes mellitus being commonest in those over 10 years of age and aural pathology, preceding viral infection, renal disease, sinusitis or recent lower respiratory tract infection commonest in those aged between 2 and 10 years. Three of five patients with recurrent meningitis had CSF leaks. The most common features at presentation were fits, irritability, diarrhoea, and bulging fontanelles in those under 6 months; vomiting, drowsiness and poor feeding in those between 6 months and 2 years; neck stiffness, vomiting and drowsiness in those between 2 and 10 years while neck stiffness, focal neurology, headache and vomiting were commonest in those over 10 years old. Fever was common in all age groups as were foci of infection outside the CSF, with chest infections being significantly associated with mortality (P < 0.05). Of the laboratory parameters measured, low platelets (< 100 x 10(9)/l and high blood urea (> 7 mmol/l) were associated with mortality (P < 0.05). Blood cultures grew Streptococcus pneumoniae in 79.7% patients. Seventy-four (96%) patients had CSF taken of which 81% had gram films which were positive and interpreted correctly as showing pneumococci. Pneumococci were grown in 87.8% CSF cultures and all were sensitive to penicillin but a single isolate was chloramphenicol resistant. Many different antimicrobial drugs were used but penicillin plus chloramphenicol was the most commonly employed after the results of CSF microscopy were known and penicillin alone after culture results were available. Penicillin mono-therapy was associated with a low mortality.
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PMID:A review of the clinical presentation, laboratory features, antimicrobial therapy and outcome of 77 episodes of pneumococcal meningitis occurring in children and adults. 780 80

A 19-year-old woman with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) of 3.5 years duration had been suffering from recurrent episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), dizziness, and weight loss (16 kg, 29%) for 6 months. History and physical examination gave evidence of severe peripheral and autonomic neuropathy. Radionuclide retention on gastric emptying test at 60 min was greater than 90% (normal < 60%). On autonomic cardiovascular testing there was evidence of both parasympathetic and sympathetic damage. There was no evidence of nephropathy or retinopathy. Optimal diabetic control using 4 insulin injections (2 u/kg/day) and high-dose cisapride terminated the vomiting, and she regained the weight lost within 5 months. This case is unique in that severe diabetic neuropathy followed relatively soon after onset of disease, without other microvascular complications. The correct diagnosis of gastroparesis as the cause of the recurrent DKA and weight loss, and the specific prokinetic therapy and nearly normoglycemic control of the diabetes led to dramatic clinical and functional improvement. Specific prokinetic therapy and the nearly normoglycemic control of the diabetes led to dramatic clinical and functional improvement. Gastroparesis can cause recurrent DKA even in young patients with IDDM of short duration.
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PMID:[Severe neuropathy in a young diabetic]. 784 56

GI motility changes little--if at all--with age in healthy patients. However, a variety of diseases, including diabetes and Parkinson's disease, may cause autonomic neuropathy that is manifest as a motility disorder in the GI tract. Autonomic neuropathy can cause dysmotility in the esophagus, stomach, and gut. Symptoms are often nonspecific, including difficulty in swallowing, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, indigestion, diarrhea, and constipation. Nonpharmacologic treatment includes management of underlying diseases, avoidance of anticholinergic medications, and dietary changes. Agents with prokinetic action are the therapy of choice when drug treatment is indicated.
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PMID:GI motility disorders: diagnostic workup and use of prokinetic therapy. 790 Nov 29

This paper analyzes the available literature on intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM) in Taiwan. The incidence and symptoms of the disease are studied with a view to assisting practitioners in its recognition. The incidence of intracranial AVM in patients who have suffered hemorrhagic stroke in Taiwan is 2.5% to 4.8%, with the male to female ratio being 1.5:1. The peak age at which bleeding from intracranial AVM occurred ranged from 10 to 40 years; bleeding showed no seasonal variation. Sudden headaches, vomiting, and disturbance of consciousness were the commonest presenting symptoms of AVM, similar to the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. However, the possibility of focal neurological deficit among patients with intracranial AVM was higher than in patients with intracranial aneurysms. Risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, smoking and alcohol intake showed no close relationship to bleeding in intracranial AVM. Pregnancy is not a risk factor in female patients with intracranial AVM with no history of hemorrhage. Small intracranial AVM are more likely to bleed. Since 1961 the majority of Taiwan's intracranial AVM patients have been treated surgically, while before that date general medicine was the treatment of choice. In recent years, several developments such as operation microscope, microsurgical instruments and microsurgical techniques have enhanced the efficacy of surgical intervention in the treatment of AVM. When the mortality and morbidity rates resulting from the two forms of treatment are compared, surgical treatment shows a better prognosis for the treatment of intracranial AVM.
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PMID:[Intracranial arteriovenous malformations in Taiwan]. 791 74

Ninety episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in 72 Sudanese children seen during a one year period were investigated. The age of the patients ranged from 3 to 16 years with a median of 12 years. Twenty-two episodes (24%) occurred in newly diagnosed patients and 68 (76%) in previously known diabetic children. The mean observation period defined as the number of days from each one of the episodes until next episode or end of survey divided by the total number of the episodes was 180 days. During this short period of observation 18 recurrent episodes were observed giving an annual recurrent rate of 40%. The classical triad of polyuria, polydipsia and weight loss was a presentation in 83 (92%) episodes; acute abdominal pain and/or vomiting were observed in 69 (77%) episodes and drowsiness or deep coma was seen in 31 (34%) episodes. The most common precipitating causes of DKA in the studied patients with known diabetes were acute infections accounting for 38% of episodes, insulin non-availability for 34% of episodes and errors of treatment for 25%. The outcome of treatment in the whole group was good in the 69 (96%) patients who recovered without complications, but 3 (4%) patients died.
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PMID:Diabetic ketoacidosis in children in Khartoum city, Sudan. 792 36

A mass within the head of the pancreas causing obstructive jaundice is frequently adenocarcinoma, or infrequently focal pancreatitis. Groove pancreatitis is an inflammation of the head of the pancreas which fills the anatomic space between the head of the pancreas on 1 side and the second part of the duodenum on the other. Obstruction from either cause may cause vomiting, abdominal pain, and loss of weight. It is sometimes impossible to differentiate between the 2 conditions clinically. We present 2 women, aged 41 and 42 years, respectively, with recent onset of diabetes mellitus, obstructive jaundice, abdominal pain and severe loss of weight in whom diagnosis was difficult. In 1 repeated fine needle biopsy directly from the mass did not show adenocarcinoma, but she died of the disease a few months later. The other, in whom malignancy was also suspected, recovered from what was retrospectively diagnosed as groove pancreatitis.
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PMID:[Groove pancreatitis and adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head]. 799 83

A 58-year-old man with diabetes had fever and chills 5 days after ingestion of raw seafood. Nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea, bilateral calf pain, and neck stiffness subsequently developed. Generalized edema and ecchymotic patches with a vesiculobullous eruption appeared on the extremities. Four blood cultures were positive for Vibrio cholerae non-01. The patient was successfully treated with antibiotics. This is the first documented case of V. cholerae non-01 septicemia with cutaneous lesions and meningitis in Taiwan.
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PMID:Cutaneous manifestations of non-01 Vibrio cholerae septicemia with gastroenteritis and meningitis. 815 89

When glucose utilisation is impaired due to decreased insulin effect, ketones are produced by the liver from free fatty acids to supply an alternate source of energy. This adaptation may be associated with severe metabolic acidosis and tends to occur in patients with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. In addition, hypovolemia is an almost invariable finding with marked hypoglycemia and is primarily induced by the associated glucosuria. Ketoacidosis stimulates both the central and peripheral chemoreceptors controlling respiration, resulting in alveolar hyperventilation (Kussmaul's respiration). With the ensuing fall in pCO2 the patient tries to raise the extracellular pH. A fruity odor of acetone on the patient's breath sometimes suggests that ketoacidosis is present. The classical triad of symptoms associated with hyperglycemia are polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Circulatory insufficiency with hypotension is not uncommon due to the marked fluid loss and acidemia. In more severely affected patients, neurologic abnormalities may be seen, including lethargy, seizures or coma. Some patients also have marked vomiting and abdominal pain. The history and physical examination may provide important clues to the presence of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Once suspected, the diagnosis can be easily confirmed by measuring the plasma glucose concentration. Glucosuria and ketonuria can be semiquantitatively detected with reagent sticks. Blood gas analysis and anion gap give objective information as to the severity of the metabolic acidosis. Therapy must be directed toward each of the metabolic disturbances: hyperosmolality, ketoacidosis, hypovolemia and potassium, and phosphate depletion. The mainstays of therapy are the administration of low-dose insulin and volume repletion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Ketoacidotic diabetic metabolic dysregulation: pathophysiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy]. 817 67

Various treatment strategies are currently used in the management of acute pyelonephritis, with some patients being treated as inpatients and others as outpatients. To better describe the clinical course of patients with this condition and the management strategies of physicians treating these patients, a retrospective cohort study of febrile nonpregnant women presenting to the emergency department with clinical evidence of acute pyelonephritis was conducted. Acute pyelonephritis was defined as infected urine (> or = 7 white blood cells/high-power field and/or urine culture with > or = 10(4) colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) and fewer (> or = 37.8 degrees C) without other source. Between October 1990 and September 1991, 28 hospitalized and 83 nonhospitalized patients satisfied these criteria. Data were abstracted from hospital charts, and clinical outcomes were determined from chart reviews and telephone or mailed questionnaires. The hospitalized patients were significantly older (odds ratio [OR] = 1.07), had higher temperatures (OR = 6.12), and were more likely to have diabetes (OR = 10.57), genitourinary tract abnormalities (OR = 10.53), and vomiting (OR = 12.17) than the nonhospitalized patients. Sixty-six (80%) of the nonhospitalized patients were treated with a single dose of parenteral antibiotic (usually gentamicin or ceftriaxone) before discharge on oral antibiotics. Seventy-one (86%) were treated with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Follow-up was obtained for 75 (90%) of the nonhospitalized patients. Nine (12%) of the 75 returned because of symptoms of acute pyelonephritis, with 8 returning within 1 day of the initial visit. Seven of those returning were admitted. All responded to additional antibiotic therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:ED management of acute pyelonephritis in women: a cohort study. 817 29

We report two young men with clinical and laboratory evidence of macroscopic ulcerative colitis, sclerosing cholangitis, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The first patient presented at age 15 with vomiting, abdominal pain, weight loss, and abnormal liver function test results. Liver biopsy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) demonstrated sclerosing cholangitis. Colonoscopy with biopsy revealed ulcerative colitis which responded to sulfasalazine. Diabetes occurred at age 18 and insulin therapy was begun. The second patient was 19 at presentation with diarrhea, hematochezia, and weight loss. Proctosigmoidoscopy revealed ulcerative colitis, and sulfasalazine led to clinical remission. Three months later he developed diabetes requiring insulin therapy. At age 28, he developed elevated alkaline phosphatase, and ERCP revealed sclerosing cholangitis. At age 37 he expired from adenocarcinoma that metastasized to the liver. Literature review revealed only one possible case report of this association with microscopic asymptomatic ulcerative colitis in that patient. Statistical analysis suggests that this association is real rather than a chance occurrence. An autoimmune process may be involved and a specific histocompatibility locus antigen (HLA) type may exert a regulatory influence.
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PMID:Associated ulcerative colitis, sclerosing cholangitis, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 828 9


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