Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this series of one hundred and twenty-eight adults with Down's syndrome nearly half (i.e. 42.2 per cent) developed a normal EEG. This would appear to bear out the findings of Gregoziades and Pampiglione (1966) that older children with this syndrome tended to have tracings similar to the normal child. The youngest age group of fifteen to twenty-four years developed a normal tracing in 38.9 per cent of cases. The most frequent abnormality was an excess of theta, in keeping with the suggestion of Godinova and Hirai and Izawa that this was due to immaturity. Neither the presence of congenital heart disease nor diabetes nor intercurrent illness appeared to have any effect on the development of seizures. Epilepsy developed at any time during adult life but, not surprisingly, the five cases developing it had shown sharp or paroxysmal activity previously. Two had suffered from fainting attacks. In one, the diagnosis was confirmed later by a typical grand mal seizure and the other by response to anticonvulsants. Neither suffered from congenital heart disease.
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PMID:The EEG and incidence of epilepsy in Down's syndrome. 15 92

There is a definite need for replacement estrogen therapy in menopausal women exhibiting vasomotor symptoms or osteoporosis, particularly if the woman has had bilateral oophorectomy. There is a less clearly defined need in women complaining of emotional symptoms. Atrophic vaginitis and trigonitis is usually best treated with topical application of estrogen, which does not have systemic side effects if used weekly; more frequent use can lead to vascular absorption. Some of the problems associated with estrogen replacement are dose-related and can be eliminated by using smaller dosages. Uterine bleeding can usually be controlled by administering cyclically with progesterine. Hypertension, thrombosis, and adenocarcinoma are problems associated with administration of exogenous estrogens; use should be undertaken with great care in women exhibiting these conditions and patients should be followed closely to make sure such conditions are not developing. Other conditions which may worsen with estrogen therapy are diabetes mellitus, seizure disorders, migraine, multiple sclerosis, collagen diseases, cholelithiasis, and hyperlipidemia. None except hyperlipidemia is an absolute contraindication but risk/benefit ratios must be considered carefully in these cases.
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PMID:Estrogens for the menopause. Maximizing benefits, minimizing risks. 19 9

In order to determine the effects of acetate on signs and symptoms of hypoglycemic seizures, Swiss Webster albino mice were injected intraperitoneally with solutions of NaCl, NaHCO3, NH4Cl, Na-acetate, or NH4-acetate, followed by subcutaneous injection of 7 U of insulin/kg body wt. Administration of Na- or NH4-acetate delayed and reduced the incidence of hypoglycemic reactions. Reinjection with Na-acetate or repeated injections with NH4-acetate caused a return to normal behavior patterns for 60 and 75%, respectively, of the affected hypoglycemic experimental animals. Injections of control animals with NaHCO3 or NH4Cl showed that the results were not due to alkalosis or acidosis. Acetate administration significantly increased plasma acetate and citrate, but not glucose, lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, or acetoacetate concentrations. The results indicate that intraperitoneal administration of acetate directly acted to prevent signs of hypoglycemia from occurring and reversed its manifestations when they were present. The protective effect of acetate suggests that it may serve as a fuel for the brain.
Diabetes 1979 Nov
PMID:Effect of acetate on hypoglycemic seizures in mice. 48 41

A 59-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with the history of epileptick attack of six years' duration. The seizure was associated with Jacksonian march starting in the right hand and then generalized. Todd's paresis of the right arm followed occasionally to the seizure. He was admitted to neurosurgical unit of other hospital in 1968 and 1971, but on each occasion no tumor or vascular abnormality was detected by extensive examiniations such as brain angiography, pneumoencephalography or brain scanning. He continued his hob as an engineer with anticonvulsant. He once lived in Manchuria in 1930s and had history of pulmonary tuberculosis. He was suffering from diabetes mellitus and chronic otitis media. Recentry he developed headache, forgetfulness, speech disturbance and right hemiparesis and was admitted to our department through psychiatric unit. On examination he was fully conscious but showed typical Gerstmann's syndrome and conduction aphasia. He also revealed bilateral choked disc, right hemiparesis, right hemihypesthesia and right homonymous hemianopsia. The cerebral angiograms and peneumoencephalogram suggested a left parietal cystic tumor. Brain scan with technetium 99m was negative. The spinal fluid was clear but showed slight pleocytosis (99/3/ml). Leucocyte count in the peripheral blood was 6600 per cubic meter with eosinophils of 3%. On craniotomy, small white patches were scattered at the subarachnoidal space suggesting of history of some meningitis. In the left parietooccipital region at Brodmann's area 19, a greyish yellow transparent cystic tumor was found in the subarachnoidal space which was confirmed to be one of the multilocular grape-like cystic tumors extending from area 19, gyrus angularis towards the arcuate fasciculus without continuity with the left lateral ventricle. Microscopic examination showed the racemosal type of cysticercus but no scolex was found. The fluid of the cysts was similar to the spinal fluid. He is totally symptome-free after five months' lapse from the operation except for sporadic spikes on the electroencephalogram. Although some neurosurgeons are against direct operation of the cerebral cysticercosis, we are sure it is possible to cure these patients suffering from chronic cysticercosis with tumor-like symptoms i.e. the tumor type of Stepien. But it is essential not to rupture the cysts during the operative procedure to avoid dissemination of worms which might lead to acute severe cerebral edema. Besides, echinococcus cysts harbouring many worms are often hardly differenciated macroscopically from the cysts of cysticercosis.
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PMID:[A case of brain cysticerosis]. 98 76

During a 4-week period, the electroshock seizure threshold (EST) of R Amsterdam rats was determined. When alloxan induced diabetes, the EST values significantly decreased, while in the alloxan-treated non-diabetic group they remained unchanged. The results suggest that diabetes induces increased excitability in the central nervous system.
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PMID:Changes of electro-shock seizure threshold in alloxan diabetic rats. 120 7

Magnesium is an essential cofactor for many enzymatic reactions, especially those involved in energy metabolism. Deficits of magnesium are prevalent due to inadequate intake or malabsorption and due to the renal loss of magnesium that occurs in certain disease states (alcoholism, diabetes) and with drug therapy (diuretics, aminoglycosides, cisplatin, digoxin, cyclosporin, amphotericin B). Protracted deficits of magnesium in humans and animals result in neurological disturbances, including hyperexcitability, convulsions and various psychiatric symptoms ranging from apathy to psychosis, some of which can be reversed with magnesium supplementation, others requiring correction of the dysregulation mechanism. Although the role of magnesium in neuronal function is not completely understood, a lowering of CSF or brain magnesium can induce epileptiform activity and there is an association between decreased CSF magnesium and the development of seizures. CSF concentrations of magnesium are normally higher than magnesium plasma ultrafiltrate (diffusible) concentrations due to the active transport of magnesium across the blood-brain barrier. Under conditions of magnesium deficiency, CSF concentrations decline, although this decline lags behind and is less pronounced than the changes observed in plasma magnesium concentrations. Decreases in CSF magnesium concentrations correlate with the alterations observed in extracellular brain magnesium concentrations in animals following the dietary deprivation of magnesium. CSF magnesium concentrations can readily be repleted following magnesium supplementation, although high dose magnesium therapy, such as that used in the treatment of convulsions in eclampsia, will only increase CSF magnesium concentrations to a very limited degree (approximately 11-18 per cent) above physiological concentrations. Greater increases in CSF magnesium may occur in neonates since neonatal swine, following treatment with magnesium, have CSF magnesium concentrations that are similar to their plasma concentrations. There has been a recent resurgence of interest in magnesium deficiency and its neurological consequences due to the finding that magnesium, at physiological concentrations, blocks N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in neurones. NMDA receptors are normally activated by glutamate and/or aspartate which represent the principal neurotransmitters for excitatory synaptic transmission in vertebrate CNS. Magnesium deficiency produces epileptiform activity in the CNS which can be blocked by NMDA receptor antagonists. Other mechanisms, including alterations in Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity, cAMP/cGMP concentrations and calcium currents in pre- and postsynaptic membranes, may also be at least partially responsible for the neuronal effects associated with low brain magnesium. Further studies are necessary to increase our understanding of the neurological implications of magnesium deficit in the central nervous system.
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PMID:Brain and CSF magnesium concentrations during magnesium deficit in animals and humans: neurological symptoms. 129 67

Renal transplantation (11 cadaveric and 1 living-related donor) was performed in 12 pediatric recipients (mean age 10.8 years) under FK-506 immunosuppression in combination with prednisone therapy. At a mean followup of 6.1 months, patient and graft survival rates were 100% and 92%, respectively. The only graft loss was due to the recurrent hemolytic uremic syndrome 4 days after transplantation. In the functioning grafts the mean serum creatinine is 1.59 +/- 1.27 mg./dl. and the mean blood urea nitrogen is 36.3 +/- 24.6 mg./dl. Three patients take no prednisone, 5 are receiving 0.15 to 0.25 mg./kg. per day and 3 are taking 0.35 to 0.5 mg./kg. per day. There was a total of 8 rejection episodes in 5 patients. All rejection episodes were successfully reversed. Complications of transplantation included an episode of seizures in 1 patient, cytomegalovirus infection in 1 and steroid-induced diabetes mellitus in 1. Since pediatric transplant recipients are a group in whom the reduction or elimination of steroids is highly desirable, FK-506 immunosuppression may be particularly suited for use in this population.
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PMID:Pediatric renal transplantation under FK-506 immunosuppression. 137 63

A 73-year-old man was admitted with gait disturbance and dysarthria. He showed right-side cerebellar ataxia. Computed tomography of brain showed left thalamic bleeding. Nine months later, he was admitted again because of seizure and consciousness disturbance. He had a history of diabetes mellitus and gout for five years, but no hypertension. On physical examination the lungs and heart were normal. On neurological examination, he showed stupor,pupils and eye position were normal. He showed right hemiparesis and urinary incontinence. The deep tendon reflexes were (+) at the upper limbs and (2+) at the right knee and ankle. Blood pressure was 162/88 mmHg and glucose was 275 mg/dl. Other laboratory data were normal. Brain CT showed hemorrhage of the left frontal lobe. The cystatin C level in cerebrospinal fluid was 68 ng/ml. Therefore we suspected cystatin C deposit amyloid angiopathy. In this case, thalamic hemorrhage was initially thought to be amyloid angiopathy. In cases of cerebral hemorrhage in the elderly without hypertension, we must be considered amyloid angiopathy.
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PMID:[A case of recurrent cerebral hemorrhage considered to be cerebral amyloid angiopathy by cerebrospinal fluid examination]. 143 57

A case control study of transient global amnesia (TGA), transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) and normal controls is described. Each of the 51 TGA patients, selected between January 1985 and March 1990, was compared with four controls (two TIAs and two normals) for the presence of vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, smoking habits, cholesterol, triglycerides and haematocrit levels, heart disease, previous stroke), previous TGA, migraine, psychiatric illness and recent head trauma. Patients with TGA had less diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia than TIA. TGA subjects had significantly more hypertension (odds ratio = 3.31) and migraine (odds ratio = 8.67) than normal controls. During a mean of 17.4 mths of follow-up (range 1-96 mths), three subjects had recurrent TGA, one sustained a TIA and a minor stroke, but none had seizures. Thrombo-embolism and epilepsy are unlikely to be the cause of this benign disorder. The role is stressed of appropriate precipitants, including haemodynamic changes, and of individual susceptibility (of which migraine is probably a marker) in the genesis of TGA.
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PMID:Transient global amnesia. A case control study. 155 58

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a flexible tool with real clinical utility. Examples from our experience in over 250 cases of clinical proton MRS are presented. Shorter echo time and reproducible water suppression increases the number of metabolites which can be detected and identified. Case reports illustrate the significance of altered ratios of N-acetylaspartate, choline, total creatine, myo-inositol, glutamate, glutamine, lactate, glucose, ketones, and, as an incidental finding, ethanol. Significant new information has resulted by applying proton MRS in chronic hepatic encephalopathy, diabetes mellitus and severe hypoxic encephalopathy ('near-drowning'). Potentially useful measurements have been made in normal brain maturation, ethanol related diseases, dementia (normal-pressure hydrocephalus), urea cycle defect and neuronal disease presenting as seizures. Metabolite imaging, particularly with proton, is clinically valuable, documenting the heterogeneity of biochemical disorders in seemingly focal lesions. A new method of specific 31-phosphorus--phosphocreatine imaging provides information in partially denervated skeletal muscle and is expected to have applications in brain.
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PMID:Clinical tools for the 90s: magnetic resonance spectroscopy and metabolite imaging. 156 13


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