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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hepatic clearance and biliary excretion of model substrates for each of four carrier-mediated transport systems were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats treated 28 days earlier with 45 mg/kg streptozotocin iv to induce uncontrolled insulin-deficient diabetes. Diabetic rats exhibited hyperglycemia (560 mg/dl), polyuria (160 ml/24 hr), polyphagia, polydipsia, and generalized myopathy. The plasma disappearance, biliary excretion, and elimination half-life of the anionic dye phenol red was unchanged in diabetic rats, but total clearance of phenol red was increased. Conjugation of phenol red with glucuronic acid appeared to be increased in diabetic rats, whereas acetylation of procainamide ethobromide was decreased. Plasma elimination and total clearance of cationic procainamide ethobromide, uncharged ouabain, and the bile acid taurocholate were significantly increased in diabetic animals. Biliary excretion of these three compounds was only slightly elevated in the first 15 min after administration and was decreased after 1 hr. Biliary and total systemic clearance were also increased from 2-3-fold for procainamide ethobromide, ouabain, and taurocholate. These changes in clearance are predominantly due to the 2-5-fold increase in steady state volume of distribution. Basal bile flow rates were increased by 62% after the induction of diabetes to 88 microliter/min/kg. Diabetic rats secreted higher levels of bile acids, cholesterol, and phospholipids into bile. These data indicate that long term insulin-dependent diabetes does alter hepatic excretory function.
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PMID:Alterations in biliary excretory function by streptozotocin-induced diabetes. 288 74

Reversal of myocardial biochemical changes with insulin treatment (4 and 8 wk) was studied in 8 and 12 wk streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. STZ-induced diabetes was characterized by elevations in blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and triglycerides and depressed serum insulin levels. Insulin treatment for 4 and 8 wk completely restored the serum alterations to control values. The polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia were also markedly diminished by the insulin treatment. Diabetic rats had pronounced decreases in body, heart, and left ventricular weights, all of which were completely reversed by the insulin treatment. Hydroxyproline accumulation in diabetic rat hearts was only reversed by the 8-wk and not by the 4-wk insulin treatment. STZ produced a significant depletion of left ventricular magnesium content as well as depression of K+-stimulated sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrillar ATPase activities. Both the 4- and 8-wk insulin treatment produced a complete recovery of the myocardial magnesium content. No significant changes in sarcolemmal Na+-K+-ATPase and K+-stimulated p-nitrophenyl phosphatase activities were observed in diabetic animals compared with control. The decreased latency of the lysosomal hydrolase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and the increased collagen deposition observed in the diabetic hearts were only partially reversed by the 4-wk insulin treatment, but completely reversed by the 8-wk treatment period.
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PMID:Insulin reversal of biochemical changes in hearts from diabetic rats. 294 95

Since evidence suggests that ascorbic acid deficits may provoke certain diabetic complications, it becomes necessary to develop a diabetic animal model which, like man, is unable to synthesize this vitamin. To this end, the present study monitored the diabetogenic effects of streptozotocin (STZ, 150 mg/kg) in the male guinea pig, a species rarely used in diabetes research. Over a 3-week period, body weight and relative food intake were lower in the STZ group compared to controls. The mean daily water intake and urine volume of the STZ group after 1 week were 175 and 270% of their initial pretreatment values, respectively, while control values were unchanged. The STZ group also exhibited a persistent glycosuria throughout the study. At the end of 3 weeks, aldehyde fuchsin staining of pancreatic beta cell granules (an index of stored insulin) was 58% lower in the STZ group compared to controls. Plasma C-peptide (indicator of insulin secretion) was expressed in human equivalents (mean +/- SEM). C-peptide was reduced in the STZ group (103 +/- 65 pg/ml) compared to controls (549 +/- 96 pg/ml); however, no change in plasma glucose was observed. Plasma ascorbic acid levels also were lower for STZ animals (150 +/- 26 micrograms%) versus controls (410 +/- 28 micrograms%). This study 1) demonstrates a diabetic syndrome in the STZ-treated guinea pig based on a reduced growth rate, beta cell dysfunction, polydipsia, polyuria and glycosuria, and 2) suggests the usefulness of this diabetic model in studies of pathologic mechanisms influenced by ascorbic acid.
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PMID:Selected physical and biochemical parameters in the streptozotocin-treated guinea pig: insights into the diabetic guinea pig model. 295 57

Isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis was examined in male mice with alloxan-induced and genetically transmitted diabetes. Ten days after alloxan treatment, mice exhibited an elevation in blood glucose concentrations, weight loss, polyuria and decreased heart rates (510 +/- 15 v. 675 +/- 11 beats/min) compared with matched control mice. Similarly, genetically diabetic mice exhibited lower heart rates than the corresponding age-matched controls (383 +/- 30 v. 603 +/- 30 beats/min). In comparison to matched controls, both groups of diabetic mice had a significant decrease in the severity of the cardiac necrosis which was induced by the administration of isoproterenol. The reduction in isoproterenol-induced cardiac lesions was similar in mice with chemically induced diabetics and mice with genetically transmitted diabetes. Biochemical studies of ventricular slices revealed no change in basal cAMP levels and no differences in isoproterenol-induced changes in cAMP levels in mouse hearts from both models of diabetes. Insulin treatment corrected the chemically induced diabetic state and restored the cardiotoxic potential of isoproterenol.
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PMID:Influence of the diabetic state on isoproterenol-induced cardiac necrosis. 299 38

Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism was diagnosed in a 9-year-old, male castrated cat that had polyuria, polyphagia, pendulous abdomen, truncal hair loss, congestive heart failure, and insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus. Results of pituitary-adrenal function testing revealed inadequate serum cortisol suppression following dexamethasone administration, exaggerated serum cortisol responses after exogenous ACTH stimulation, and high plasma ACTH concentrations. The pathologic findings of bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia and a pituitary adenoma that immunostained well for ACTH-related peptides confirmed pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism.
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PMID:Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in a cat. 301 73

The growth and metabolic effects of a radiation-induced rat insulinoma were examined after subcutaneous subscapular transplantation into normal and streptozotocin diabetic NEDH rats. Streptozotocin diabetic rats exhibited hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia, impaired glucose tolerance without an insulin response, polyuria, polydipsia, hyperphagia and weight loss. Transplantation of tumour fragments gradually improved the physical and metabolic state over the following 3 weeks. Coincident with a progressive rise in plasma insulin between 10 and 17 days, the diabetic rats gained weight and reduced their food intake. The rats remained hyperglycaemic during this time, but developed hypoglycaemia with marked hyperinsulinaemia by 24 days. Furthermore, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were not increased by an intraperitoneal glucose challenge, indicating greatly accelerated glucose clearance. Both the streptozotocin-treated and normal insulinoma-bearing rats incurred a fatal hypoglycaemic coma by 28-33 days after transplantation. Final body weights, tumour weights and concentrations of glucose and insulin were similar in the two groups. This study demonstrates reversal of streptozotocin diabetes by insulinoma transplantation. The hyperglycaemia and the accompanying diabetic environment did not modify tumour growth and development.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract
PMID:Reversal of diabetes by syngeneic transplantation of a radiation-induced rat insulinoma. 303 49

Type I (insulin dependent) diabetes is usually believed to present acutely and it is assumed that metabolic decompensation is sudden. In a prospective family study, however, 10 of 13 subjects developing the disease showed progressive or intermittent development of hyperglycaemia over many months and the others had non-specific symptoms over a long period. All were first degree relatives of a child with type I diabetes; 10 were siblings (aged 5-24) and three were parents (aged 45-58). All possessed HLA-DR4 or DR3, or both, and all but two had been positive for islet cell antibodies for six to 86 months before diagnosis. Ten had non-specific symptoms for two to 14 months before the onset of thirst and polyuria; one remained asymptomatic even when insulin became necessary. Six subjects had an oral glucose tolerance test before clinical onset, of whom five were diabetic by World Health Organisation criteria four, four, six, seven, and 21 months before insulin was needed. Nine showed random blood glucose concentrations above the 97.5th centile (6.3 mmol/l) six to 34 months (median 12) before diagnosis. Two others had a glucose tolerance test result compatible with diabetes but had not reached the stage of needing insulin. Hyperglycaemia is often of insidious onset in type I diabetes, even in children and young adults. Diagnosis will inevitably be late if considered only when acute symptoms of thirst and polyuria develop.
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PMID:Type I (insulin dependent) diabetes: a disease of slow clinical onset? 310 66

A patient who developed hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic, nonketotic coma (HHNC) while receiving home total parenteral nutrient (TPN) therapy is described, and the etiology, clinical features, and treatment of HHNC are reviewed. A 51-year-old black man diagnosed as having Dukes' stage D signet-cell carcinoma of the rectum was discharged on home TPN therapy after a prolonged hospital course and the persistence of a gastrointestinal fistula. Seventeen days after discharge, the patient developed polyuria, became febrile, and lost mental acuity. Upon hospitalization, the patient's physical condition and laboratory values were consistent with the diagnosis of HHNC. The patient was treated with intravenous fluids and small quantities of insulin. The patient's home records indicated that he had lost large volumes of fluid through his fistula, resulting in a net negative fluid balance. The patient's records also indicated that he had had mild glycosuria with a normal urine output at home. This normal urine output despite a body-fluid deficit could be explained by osmotic diuresis related to either glucose or urea. Hypotonic fluid loss resulting from fistula output and osmotic diuresis may have led to this patient's hypertonic state and critical illness. The patient died on hospital day 11 as a result of widely disseminated cancer. HHNC arises most often as a complication of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. It is also a major complication resulting from hypertonicity related to glucose intolerance or other conditions that can occur in patients receiving TPN therapy. The underlying cause of the hyperosmolar state appears to be dehydration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic, nonketotic coma in a patient receiving home total parenteral nutrient therapy. 310 54

Fifty-nine patients with both clinical evidence of thyroid dysfunction and patent diabetes mellitus were investigated in our diabetology department. Patients with euthyroid goitre and iatrogenic or pituitary hypothyroidism were excluded from the study. Among the 45 diabetics with hyperthyroidism, 32 had Graves' disease and 13 had toxic adenoma; 71% were insulin-treated. Hyperthyroidism had passed unnoticed in 7 of these 32 patients because fatigue and loss of weight, which initially were the predominant or sole symptoms, are extremely frequent in uncontrolled diabetes. These symptoms, as well as polyuria, polyphagia and even sweating are common to both diseases. Considerable deterioration in the control of glycaemia was observed in 63% of the insulin-treated patients when hyperthyroidism developed, with a 17 to 212% (mean 82%) increase in insulin dosage in 53%. There was no correlation between the degree of hyperthyroidism and the loss of control. Following treatment of the hyperthyroidism, control was improved in 63%, with an 11-83% (mean 44%) decrease in insulin dosage in 59% of them. Insulin therapy could be withdrawn in only one of the 32 insulin-treated patients. Non-iatrogenic primary hypothyroidism was found in 0.2% of the diabetics investigated. This incidence was significantly higher than the calculated probability of the two diseases occurring by chance in the same patient. Eleven out of 14 patients were insulin-treated. When hypothyroidism developed, 73% of them had their insulin dosage reduced, with a high frequency of hypoglycaemic disorders: repeated "malaise" in 55% and coma in 27%. A higher proportion of vitiligo was also noted: 14% in the total patient population reported, and 18% in insulin-treated patients.
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PMID:[Effect of clinical hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism on patent diabetes. 59 cases]. 315 40

Mechanically prepared isolated islets of Langerhans were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for a period of 4 days. Intraportal autotransplantation studies were performed on two groups of six pigs rendered diabetic by total pancreatectomy (group 2) or by partial pancreatectomy combined with streptozotocin (group 4) and compared with two control groups (groups 1 and 3, respectively). The pigs were assessed for survival, weight gain, glycosuria, polyuria, systemic blood sugar and insulin, and, in selected pigs, intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Results showed that partial pancreatectomy with streptozotocin was the better tolerated experimental diabetes. Variable control of hyperglycemia was obtained over an experimental period of 3 months. Random blood glucose returned to normal in one of six pigs in the totally pancreatectomized group and three of six pigs in the partial pancreatectomy and streptozotocin group. Despite these normal circulating glucose levels, imperfect glucose homeostasis was achieved as shown by the response to glucose tolerance testing. These results report blood glucose control after cryopreserved islet autotransplants in diabetic pigs but further study is still necessary to achieve consistency.
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PMID:Intraportal autotransplantation of cryopreserved porcine islets of Langerhans. 316 2


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