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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this study was to develop a model for pancreatic transplantation in the primate in order to test a new immunosuppressive drug. Initially, streptozotocin was used to induce insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, but it was found to be ineffective and associated with a high morbidity. Furthermore, streptozotocin-induced insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus did not always persist, thus invalidating the evaluation of pancreatic graft function. Therefore, total pancreatectomy was introduced and combined with the pancreatic allotransplantation as a single procedure. Enteric diversion of the pancreatic juice was chosen since this avoids exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and facilitates the oral administration of the test drug. Intra-arterial monitoring of blood pressure and blood gases during the operation and avoidance of hypothermia in the animal were found to be the most important factors contributing to a successful outcome from the operative procedure.
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PMID:Diabetes induction and pancreatic transplantation in the cynomolgus monkey: methodological considerations. 183 63

Use of addictive drugs, such as cocaine, marijuana, and nicotine, affects food and liquid intake behavior, taste preference, and body weight. Changes in specific nutrient status and metabolism can also develop; heroin addiction can cause hyperkalemia and morphine use can result in calcium inhibition. Nutrition-related physiological aspects, such as impaired gastrin release, hypercholesterolemia, hypothermia, and hyperthermia, are also seen with morphine use. Nutrition-related conditions can affect sensitivity to and dependence on drugs and their effects. Diabetes decreases sensitivity to and dependence on morphine, protein deprivation produces preferential fat utilization with low cocaine use, and vitamin D deficiency decelerates morphine dependency. During use and/or withdrawal from nicotine, heroin, marijuana, and cocaine, major changes in food selection and intake occur, which result in weight gain or loss. Detailed human studies are needed to investigate the effects of drug use on the broad spectrum of nutrients and to determine the role of nutrition during drug withdrawal.
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PMID:Nutritional effects of marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and nicotine. 220 48

A study of acute alcohol influence (heavy drinker) on sudden unexpected death were analyzed as to age, sex, cause of death and along with the lethal blood alcohol content. Excess alcohol abuse by adults or middle aged women causatived acute intoxication with actual toxic depression of brainstem function (high blood levels, means 3,6 mg/g). Others (alcohol abuse) die by drowning, trauma, sudden coronary death (drinking spirits), cardiomyopathy, hypothermia or hypoglycemia (Diabetes). The autopsy findings are discussed.
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PMID:[Cause of death in severe acute ethanol intoxication]. 224 82

This study measured the velocity of fast orthograde axonal transport of incorporated 3H-proline in motoneurones of the sciatic nerve in control rats and in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes of 3 weeks duration. Sciatic nerve and abdominal cavity temperatures were monitored throughout the period of measurement of transport velocity, and the rats were warmed to minimise hypothermia at both sites. There was marked abdominal and sciatic nerve hypothermia immediately after operation, and this effect was more intense in diabetic rats than in control rats. In steady state, abdominal cavity temperature (mean +/- SEM) was 38.1 +/- 0.1 degree C in both control and diabetic rats, and the sciatic nerve temperatures were 37.8 +/- 0.1 degree C in controls and 37.1 +/- 0.3 degrees C in diabetic rats. The difference was not statistically significant. The velocities of orthograde axonal transport for the fastest molecules containing 3H-proline were 14.0 +/- 0.9 (SEM)mm/h for controls and 13.9 +/- 1.1 (SEM)mm/h for diabetic rats. Thus, no velocity difference was observed. The findings are discussed in relation to measurements of fast orthograde transport velocity in experimental diabetes in other studies. It is suggested that, where velocity deficits have been seen in diabetic rats, nerve hypothermia should be considered as a contributory factor.
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PMID:Fast orthograde axonal transport in sciatic motoneurones and nerve temperature in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 241 4

This study measured the velocity of the fast anterograde axonal transport of [3H]-proline-labelled proteins in sciatic motoneurones of rats with streptozotocin diabetes of 12 weeks duration and in age matched controls. Four groups of diabetic animals were studied. One of these groups remained untreated whilst 2 diabetic groups received a long-acting insulin twice weekly to limit body wasting, but to permit regular hyperglycaemia. One insulin-treated group and one other diabetic group received an aldose reductase inhibitor, "Statil" (ICI 128436) by dietary admixture. Neither diabetes alone nor any of the treatment regimes produced any significant alteration of axonal transport velocity. Sciatic nerve temperature was measured concomitantly. A slight nerve hypothermia was seen in the untreated diabetic rats, but not in either insulin-treated group. It is concluded that 2 aspects of diabetes mellitus, namely persistent hyperglycaemia and polyol pathway activity in nervous tissue are without effect on the velocity of fast orthograde axonal transport of proteins.
Diabetes Res 1986 Nov
PMID:Fast anterograde axonal transport in wasted and non-wasted diabetic rats; effects of aldose reductase inhibition. 243 44

Spontaneous or induced diabetes, as well as glucose loading, reduce opiate antinociception, presumably through induction of hyperglycemia. While peripheral administration of alloxan is a potent pancreatic beta-cell toxin, intracerebroventricular (ICV) alloxan reduces glucoprivic feeding in the absence of hyperglycemia, presumably through interactions with specific brain glucoreceptors. Our laboratory demonstrated that opioid-mediated 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) antinociception is significantly reduced by central pretreatment with alloxan, and that this deficit is reversed by coadministration with 3M-D-glucose. The present study compared ICV and intravenous (IV) routes of alloxan (200 micrograms) upon morphine (1-10 mg/kg, SC) analgesia on the tail-flick and jump tests in rats, and evaluated these effects in terms of concomitant changes induced by ICV alloxan upon nonopioid-mediated continuous cold-water swim (CCWS: 2 degrees C for 3.5 min) antinociception. Two weeks following central, but not peripheral pretreatment with alloxan, morphine (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, SC) antinociception was markedly (30-56%) reduced on both nociceptive tests. In contrast, central pretreatment with alloxan respectively reduced (30 min) and subsequently potentiated (60 and 90 min) CCWS antinociception on the jump test. Alterations in antinociception by central alloxan occurred in the absence of changes in basal nociceptive thresholds, hypothermia or hyperglycemia. These data suggest that central alloxan may be acting upon either specific, but unidentified brain glucoreceptors and/or a glucoprivic control mechanism.
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PMID:Differential actions of central alloxan upon opioid and nonopioid antinociception in rats. 262 9

Two cases of hypothermia in the elderly are described. The different clinical evolution shows how the concurrent presence of Diabetes Mellitus can be considered as an adverse prognostic factor. It is also confirmed that the Osborn's wave electrocardiographic presence, given up a specific and pathognomonic diagnostic parameter in this disease. The observation that the electrocardiographic J wave can regress after body's temperature normalization suggests the hypothesis that this wave reflects reversible delay of depolarization, or early repolarization.
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PMID:[Electrocardiographic finding of Osborn's J wave in patients with hypothermia. Description of 2 clinical cases]. 272 4

Diabetes is reportedly associated with alterations in peripheral and central noradrenergic systems. The latter might be involved in the antidepressant effects of imipramine-like drugs in both humans and animals. Therefore, it is possible that diabetics show an impaired responsiveness to tricyclics. To test this possibility the effects of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental diabetes in mice were assessed in two psychopharmacological tests: 1) the reversal of apomorphine- (16 mg/kg) induced hypothermia and 2) the hypoactivity induced by a direct beta-agonist (clenbuterol 0.06 mg/kg). At day 15 after STZ or vehicle treatment, imipramine (4 mg/kg) antagonized the apomorphine-induced hypothermia in diabetic (D) and nondiabetic (ND) mice and clenbuterol produced hypoactivity in both groups. At day 30 and 45, the ability of imipramine (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 mg/kg), clomipramine (8 mg/kg) and desipramine (2 mg/kg) to reverse apomorphine-induced hypothermia disappeared at the same time that clenbuterol lost its ability to induce hypomotility in D mice. These impaired responses on both tests were corrected by a short period of insulin therapy. These two tests may reflect central beta-adrenergic functions. Therefore, these data suggest that the impaired responsiveness of diabetic mice might be due at least in part to a noradrenergic dysfunction. Possibly, in diabetes, a beta-adrenoceptor desensitization identical to that observed at the peripheral level occurs in the central nervous system. The possibility that a thyroid hormone deficiency may be involved was also tested. Decreased T3 plasma levels were found in D mice concomitant with the impaired pharmacological responses and T3 supplementation turned these responses to normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Impaired response of experimental diabetic mice to tricyclics: a possible beta-adrenergic mechanism. 285 69

These experiments were carried out to study the effects of acute cold exposure (0-2 degrees C/4 hr) on rectal temperature, blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) in alloxan-diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats weighing 170-190 g were used and diabetes was induced by i.v. alloxan injection (40 mg/kg body wt). Cold exposure produced severe hypothermia in diabetic rats. After 4 hr of cold, blood glucose of diabetic rats was reduced from 296 +/- 16 to 86 +/- 12 mg/dl (P less than 0.01), and FFA increased slightly, but was not statistically different (P greater than 0.05) from the initial value. As expected, interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) and retroperitoneal and epididymal white adipose tissues were significantly lower in diabetic than in control rats. Cold exposure reduced total IBAT lipids in control but not in diabetic animals. The results of this experiment suggest that diabetic rats were unable to maintain body temperature in the cold, probably because of a failure to generate an adequate amount of heat by nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue.
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PMID:Effects of acute cold exposure on rectal temperature, blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids in alloxan-diabetic rats. 287 21

The incidence of admissions of patients with hypothermia was determined to examine whether hypothermia was more common in elderly patients with diabetes than in the general population after diabetic metabolic emergency cases had been excluded. A prospective survey of three accident and emergency departments identified 134 cases of hypothermia admitted from a catchment population of almost 157,000 aged 65 or over during the winters of 1981-2 to 1983-4. The predicted number of patients with diabetes in the population was nearly 5600 (3.5%). Twenty three admissions for hypothermia (17%) occurred in 20 patients with previously diagnosed diabetes. Women made up 87% of the diabetic admissions; the ratio of diabetic to non-diabetic admission rates in women was 7.9 (95% confidence interval 5.3 to 12.0). After excluding diabetic metabolic emergency admissions the ratio was 6.4. The ratio in men was 2.4, but the small number of admissions produced wide confidence intervals. Ten of the admissions with diabetes (43%) had pathological disorders that are associated with an increased risk of hypothermia. The frequency of these conditions is higher in patients with diabetes than in the general population and partly explains the increased risk of hypothermia in these patients.
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PMID:Risk of hypothermia in elderly patients with diabetes. 309 Nov 39


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