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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

For the purpose of enriching the knowledge on the glycaemic (GI) and insulinaemic (InIn) indices of indigenous foods, 3 single foods and 3 realistic high complex carbohydrate meals (bread=100) were studied in 8 healthy subjects. Observed GI (mean+/-SEM) were: beans (B) 19.3+/-3.4, wheat tortilla (WT) 42.5+/-6.9, corn tortilla (CT) 73.8+/-6.5, wheat tortilla beans taco (BWT) 39.9+/-12.8, corn tortilla beans taco (BCT) 56.2+/-8.2 and corn tortilla potato taco (PT) 111.0+/-11.5. The glycaemic index of all foods was lower than white bread (WB) (p<0.01) except for PT. B represented the lowest GI. InIn indices of B (41.7+/-4.5), WT (62.4+/-6.7) and CT (85.5+/-7.8) were lower than WB (p<0.01), whereas PT (171.3+/-11.4) was higher. B InIn was the lowest except for WT, and the highest InIn was for PT. B, WT and CBT might be included in a regular diet for weight maintenance and control of hunger. It is suggested to moderate the ingestion of CT and PT in subjects with obesity and hyperglycaemia complications. It is important to study single and realistic foods with varied composition in diabetic subjects, whose glycaemic responses in reference to their insulinaemic responses might be different to those reported in the present study.
Diabetes Nutr Metab 2000 Feb
PMID:Glycaemic and insulinaemic indices of Mexican foods high in complex carbohydrates. 1082 18

Knowledge of how the brain contributes to the regulation of food intake in humans is limited. We used positron emission tomography and measures of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) (a marker of neuronal activity) to describe the functional anatomy of satiation (i.e., the response to a liquid meal) in the context of extreme hunger (36-h fast) in 11 obese (BMI > or =35 kg/m2, age 27+/-5 years, weight 115+/-11 kg, 38+/-7% body fat; mean +/- SD) and 11 lean (BMI < or =25 kg/m2, age 35+/-8 years, weight 73+/-9 kg, 19+/-6% body fat) men. As in lean men, satiation in obese men produced significant increases in rCBF in the vicinity of the ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and significant decreases in rCBF in the vicinity of the limbic/paralimbic areas (i.e., hippocampal formation, temporal pole), striatum (i.e., caudate, putamen), precuneus, and cerebellum. However, rCBF increases in the prefrontal cortex were significantly greater in obese men than in lean men (P < 0.005). rCBF decreases in limbic/paralimbic areas, temporal and occipital cortex, and cerebellum were also significantly greater in obese men than in lean men (P < 0.005), whereas rCBF decreases in the hypothalamus and thalamus were attenuated in obese men compared with lean men (P < 0.05). This study raises the possibility that the brain responses to a meal in the prefrontal areas (which may be involved in the inhibition of inappropriate response tendencies) and limbic/paralimbic areas (commonly associated with the regulation of emotion) may be different in obese and lean men. Additional studies are required to investigate how these differential responses are related to the pathophysiology of obesity.
Diabetes 2000 May
PMID:Differential brain responses to satiation in obese and lean men. 1090 95

A poor health-related quality of life (HRQL) has been repeatedly documented in obesity. Overweight per se and associated diseases affect physical fitness, whereas mental well-being depends on social, cultural and behavioural components. Very few studies are available on HRQL in obese persons in relation to eating behaviour. We measured HRQL by means of Short-Form-36 questionnaire in 183 obese subjects, seeking specific treatment at a University-based weight management center. Only half had a Body Mass Index exceeding 35 kg/m2. Data were compared to age- and gender-adjusted normative values of the Italian population (2031 subjects). The Binge Eating Scale (BES) and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) were used to assess eating behaviour. Most domains of HRQL were impaired in obese subjects, more severely in younger subjects and in females. The severity of overweight progressively affected physical fitness, but had a minor effect on mental status. In over 50% of subjects, BES and TFEQ identified a binge eating pattern, more frequently in females. A positive BES, as well as lower restriction, higher disinhibition and hunger values at TFEQ, identified subjects with poorer HRQL. Logistic regression analysis identified in a positive BES the variable more closely associated with low scores in mental domains of perceived HRQL. Waist-to-hip ratio, degree of obesity, osteoarticular and respiratory diseases, but also positive BES, were selected as variables more closely associated with poor physical fitness. HRQL is variably impaired in obese persons seeking treatment for their disease, mainly in patients with binge eating. Treatment of binge eating may be as important as any weight-reducing intervention for the overall well-being of the majority of obese persons.
Diabetes Nutr Metab 2000 Jun
PMID:Health-related quality of life in obesity: the role of eating behaviour. 1096 92

Falls in blood glucose induce hunger and initiate feeding. The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) contains glucose-sensitive neurons (GSNs) and orexin neurons, both of which are stimulated by falling blood glucose and are implicated in hypoglycemia-induced feeding. We combined intracellular electrophysiological recording with fluorescein labeling of GSNs to determine their neuroanatomic and functional relationships with orexin neurons. Orexin A (1 micromol/l) caused a 500% increase (P < 0.01) in spontaneous firing rate and rapid and lasting depolarization that was tetrodotoxin-resistant and thus a direct postsynaptic effect. Orexin A altered the intrinsic neuronal properties of GSNs, consistent with increased excitability. Confocal microscopy showed that GSNs were intimately related to orexin neurons: orexin-immunoreactive axons were frequently entwined around GSN dendrites, establishing close and putatively synaptic contacts. Orexin-cell axons also passed in close proximity to glucose-responsive neurons, which are inhibited by low glucose, but orexin A caused smaller depolarization than on GSNs and only a 200% increase in spontaneous firing rate (P < 0.05 vs. GSN). We conclude that GSNs are specific target neurons for orexin A and suggest that they may mediate, at least in part, the acute appetite-stimulating effect of orexin A. Orexin neurons may regulate GSNs so as to control the onset and termination of hypoglycemia-induced feeding.
Diabetes 2001 Nov
PMID:Orexin a preferentially excites glucose-sensitive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus of the rat in vitro. 1167 18

A weight-reducing effect of metformin has been demonstrated in obese subjects with and without diabetes. The mechanisms of this action are unclear, which may be partly due to the fact that in obese and diabetic patients the substance's effects result from a complex interaction with the distinct endocrine and metabolic disturbances in these patients. To dissociate primary from secondary action of metformin, we examined effects of the substance in normal-weight healthy subjects. Fifteen normal-weight men were treated with metformin (850 mg twice daily) or placebo for a 15-day period in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Anthropometric, psychologic, cardiovascular, endocrine, and metabolic parameters were assessed before and at the end of the treatment period. Metformin did not affect body weight (P =.838) and body fat mass (P =.916). Yet, serum leptin concentration was distinctly reduced after metformin (P <.001). Also, metformin reduced the concentration of plasma glucose (P =.011), serum insulin (P=.044), and serum insulin-like growth factor -1 (IGF-1) (P=.013), while it increased serum glucagon concentration (P <.001). There were no effects of metformin on feelings of hunger, blood pressure, heart rate, resting energy expenditure, the respiratory quotient, free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, and uric acid (all P >.1). Data indicate that metformin decreases the serum leptin concentration even without affecting body weight and body composition in normal-weight men.
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PMID:Short-term treatment with metformin decreases serum leptin concentration without affecting body weight and body fat content in normal-weight healthy men. 1191 66

In order to investigate the changes produced by Type I diabetes on the ad libitum eating behavior of free-living humans, 56 French participants with diabetes and 28 healthy controls were paid to maintain detailed food intake diaries for four 7-day periods. The participants with diabetes ate more protein and more frequent meals, ate slightly later and with fewer other people, were less hungry, thirsty, and depressed, but more elated than the healthy participants. Responses to social facilitation, the diurnal rhythm, subjective hunger, the palatability of the food, and the weekend were not affected by the presence of diabetes. The participants with diabetes had significantly larger correlations and regression coefficients for the relationship between meal size and the duration of the before-meal interval. The relationship between meal size and the after-meal interval was strong and positive in all participants. The recorded behavioral characteristics of diabetics may, in part, be accounted for by the nutritional education that is provided as an integral part of treatment. Based upon these results, it was theorized that the glucose regulatory system is an influence on intake, but only one of many that are responsible for the coordination, control, and regulation of nutrient intake in free-living humans.
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PMID:The effect of Type I diabetes on the eating patterns of free-living French: a diet diary study. 1206 23

Ghrelin is a novel enteric hormone that stimulates growth hormone (GH), ACTH, and epinephrine; augments plasma glucose; and increases food intake by inducing the feeling of hunger. These characteristics make ghrelin a potential counterregulatory hormone. At present, it is not known whether ghrelin increases in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. To answer this question, we compared plasma ghrelin concentrations after a short-term insulin infusion that was allowed or not (euglycemic clamp) to cause hypoglycemia (2.7 +/- 0.2 mmol/l at 30 min) in five healthy volunteers. In both studies, plasma ghrelin concentrations decreased (P < 0.01) after insulin infusion (hypoglycemia by 14%, euglycemia by 22%), reached a nadir at 30 min, and returned to baseline at 60 min, without differences between the hypoglycemia and the euglycemia studies. Glucagon, cortisol, and GH increased in response to hypoglycemia despite the decreased ghrelin. There was a strong correlation (R(2) = 0.91, P < 0.002) between the insulin sensitivity of the subjects and the percentage suppression of ghrelin from baseline. These data demonstrate that ghrelin is not required for the hormonal defenses against insulin-induced hypoglycemia and that insulin can suppress ghrelin levels in healthy humans. These results raise the possibility that postprandial hyperinsulinemia is responsible for the reduction of plasma ghrelin that occurs during meal intake.
Diabetes 2002 Oct
PMID:Ghrelin is not necessary for adequate hormonal counterregulation of insulin-induced hypoglycemia. 1235 26

In diabetes research the glycaemic index (GI) of carbohydrates has long been recognized and a low GI is recommended. The same is now often the case in lipid research. Recently, a new debate has arisen around whether a low-GI diet should also be advocated for appetite- and long-term body weight control. A systematic review was performed of published human intervention studies comparing the effects of high- and low-GI foods or diets on appetite, food intake, energy expenditure and body weight. In a total of 31 short-term studies (< 1 d), low-GI foods were associated with greater satiety or reduced hunger in 15 studies, whereas reduced satiety or no differences were seen in 16 other studies. Low-GI foods reduced ad libitum food intake in seven studies, but not in eight other studies. In 20 longer-term studies (< 6 months), a weight loss on a low-GI diet was seen in four and on a high-GI diet in two, with no difference recorded in 14. The average weight loss was 1.5 kg on a low-GI diet and 1.6 kg on a high-GI diet. To conclude, there is no evidence at present that low-GI foods are superior to high-GI foods in regard to long-term body weight control. However, the ideal long-term study where ad libitum intake and fluctuations in body weight are permitted, and the diets are similar in all aspects except GI, has not yet been performed.
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PMID:Should obese patients be counselled to follow a low-glycaemic index diet? No. 1260 28

There is evidence in Australia that 1st generation Greek Australians (GA), despite their high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (e.g. obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, smoking, hypertension, sedentary lifestyles) continue to display more than 35% lower mortality from CVD and overall mortality compared with the Australian-born after at least 30 years in Australia. This has been called a 'morbidity mortality paradox' or 'Greek-migrant paradox'. Retrospective data from elderly Greek migrants participating in the International Union of Nutrition Sciences Food Habits in Later Life (FHILL) study suggests that diets changed on migration due to the: (i) lack of familiar foods in the new environment; (ii) abundant and cheap animal foods (iii) memories of hunger before migration; and (iv) status ascribed to energy dense foods (animal foods, white bread and sweets) and 'plumpness' as a sign of affluence and plant foods (legumes, vegetable dishes, grainy bread) and 'thinness' as a sign of poverty. This apparently resulted in traditional foods (e.g. olive oil) being replaced with 'new' foods (e.g. butter), 'traditional' plant dishes being made more energy dense, larger serves of animal foods, sweets and fats being consumed, and increased frequency of celebratory feasts. This shift in food pattern contributed to significant weight gain in GA. Despite these potentially adverse changes, data from Greece in the 1960s (seven countries study) and from Australia in the 1990s (FHILL study) has shown that Greek migrants have continued to eat large serves of putatively protective foods (leafy vegetables, onions, garlic, tomatoes, capsicum, lemon juice, herbs, legumes, fish) prepared according to Greek cuisine (e.g. vegetables stewed in oil). Furthermore, GA were found to return to the traditional Greek food pattern with advancing years. We suspect that these factors may explain why GA have recently been found to have over double the circulating concentrations of antioxidant carotenoids, especially lutein, compared with Australians of Anglo-Celtic ancestry. This in turn may have helped to make the CVD risk factors 'benign' and reduce the risk of death. This raises the question whether specific dietary guidelines need to be developed for recent migrants to Australia, encouraging them to retain the best of their traditional cultures and include the best of the mainstream culture.
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PMID:Morbidity mortality paradox of 1st generation Greek Australians. 1249 49

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in many countries around the world. Because of the close relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes, an epidemic of diabetes is close behind the obesity epidemic. Preventing and treating obesity is becoming an increasing priority. In the United States, over 60 % of the adult population is overweight or obese and thus at increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. While the aetiology of obesity and diabetes is complex, diet clearly plays an important role both in the development and management of these diseases. There is interest in functional foods that could help in prevention and/or management of obesity and type 2 diabetes. This could involve food products that help management of 'hunger' or that increase 'satiety'. It could also involve foods that contribute to more inefficient use of ingested energy (i.e. foods that stimulate energy expenditure more than would be expected from their energy content). As the concept of insulin sensitivity becomes generally more accepted by health care professionals and the public, foods may be targeted towards maximizing insulin sensitivity and towards 'prevention' of diabetes. In addition to foods that impact upon body weight, these may include foods that affect the glucose and/or insulin levels that are seen either following the ingestion of food or later in the day. The present paper reviews the complex aetiology of obesity and diabetes and considers a potential role for functional foods in prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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PMID:Biomarkers and functional foods for obesity and diabetes. 1249 62


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