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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism is an extremely rare condition in cats. Twelve cats with a medical history of progressive skin lesions and long-term treatment with corticosteroids were retrospectively studied. Noncutaneous signs in the cats were variable and included anorexia, lethargy, polydipsia, polyuria, and atrophy of the thigh muscles. Laboratory abnormalities included leukocytosis, elevated alanine aminotransferase levels, and hyperglycemia. Transient diabetes mellitus was a secondary complication in four cats, and transient hypothyroidism was suspected in four cats. The mean time for regression of signs was 4.9 months after corticosteroid withdrawal.
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PMID:Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism in 12 cats. 1708 87

The prospective observational study was designed to identify factors affecting glycemic control with pioglitazone and to confirm the hepatic safety of the drug in patients with type 2 diabetes. Baseline patient characteristics, changes in serum hemoglobin A1c (A1c) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), other treatments for diabetes mellitus, and hepatobiliary adverse reactions were examined. In total, 24,993 patients, representing 28,008 patient-years, were included in the safety evaluation and 20,447 patients in the efficacy evaluation. No case of hepatic failure was reported, and neither temporal nor dose relations were found between pioglitazone and ALT abnormalities. Serum A1c was clearly reduced in patients with baseline body mass index <25 kg/m(2) or baseline fasting immunoreactive insulin <5.0 microU/mL. Among the patients treated for more than 6 months, the change in A1c was -1.0% at 6 months with both monotherapy and combination therapy and remained stable up to 18 months. The overall rate of achievement of A1c<7% in patients with baseline A1c above 7% was 34.1%; notably, the achievement rate of A1c<7% was approximately 30% even in patients with high baseline A1c (mean 8.8%) taking multiple antidiabetic medications, including sulfonylurea, for whom insulin therapy is usually indicated in Japan.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007 May
PMID:Hepatic safety profile and glycemic control of pioglitazone in more than 20,000 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: postmarketing surveillance study in Japan. 1710 86

Cinnamonum zeylanicum (cinnamon) is widely used in traditional system of medicine to treat diabetes in India. The present study was carried out to isolate and identify the putative antidiabetic compounds based on bioassay-guided fractionation; the compound identified decreased the plasma glucose levels. The active compound was purified by repeat column and structure of cinnamaldehyde was determined on the basis of chemical and physiochemical evidence. The LD(50) value of cinnamaldehyde was determined as 1850+/-37 mg/kg bw. Cinnamaldehyde was administered at different doses (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg bw) for 45 days to streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg bw)-induced male diabetic wistar rats. It was found that plasma glucose concentration was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in a dose-dependent manner (63.29%) compared to the control. In addition, oral administration of cinnamaldehyde (20 mg/kg bw) significantly decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1C)), serum total cholesterol, triglyceride levels and at the same time markedly increased plasma insulin, hepatic glycogen and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. Also cinnamaldehyde restored the altered plasma enzyme (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase) levels to near normal. Administration of glibenclamide, a reference drug (0.6 mg/kg bw) also produced a significant (p<0.05) reduction in blood glucose concentration in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The results of this experimental study indicate that cinnamaldehyde possesses hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
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PMID:Cinnamaldehyde--a potential antidiabetic agent. 1714 Jul 83

In epidemiological studies, exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) has been reported to be positively associated with mortality in subjects with diabetes mellitus. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are major constituents of atmospheric PM. However, there is no experimental evidence for the relation of DEP to diabetes mellitus and its complications. We investigated the effects of DEP inoculated intratracheally on diabetic changes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in diabetic obese and control mice. db/db mice and the corresponding nondiabetic db/+m mice received exposure to vehicle or DEP every two weeks. Animals were examined with biochemistry, histology, and immunohistochemistry for hexanoyl-lysine (HEL) in the liver. In the db/+m mice, pulmonary exposure to DEP did not increase levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) compared to that to vehicle. In the db/db mice, however, the exposure to DEP increased the levels of AST and ALT compared to that to vehicle. Only in the db/db mice, DEP enhanced the magnitude of steatosis and formation of HEL, a marker of oxidative stress, in the liver compared to vehicle. These results suggest that pulmonary exposure to DEP, PM, enhances steatosis in the liver of obese diabetic subjects possibly via enhanced oxidative stress.
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PMID:Pulmonary exposure to diesel exhaust particles enhances fatty change of the liver in obese diabetic mice. 1714 43

As a strategy to prevent the progression of diabetes mellitus, it is important to screen out the subjects who will develop a pre-diabetic state (PDS) in the future. To find out the potential risk factors for PDS, we employed the values of fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), which are routinely measured in our health checkup. We selected 3,879 individuals who had normal glucose regulation at both fasting plasma glucose < 6.1 mmol/l and HbA1c < 5.5% in 1997 and investigated whether they would develop PDS in the next 5 years. PDS is defined at fasting plasma glucose >or= 6.1 mmol/l and HbA1c >or= 5.5%. Among 3,879 individuals, 21 developed PDS and 2,128 maintained normal glucose regulation in 2001. The remaining 1,730 subjects fit one of the two criteria for PDS. The parameters measured in 1997, including fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidas, cholinesterase, uric acid, red blood cells, hemoglobin, percent body fat and diastolic blood pressure, were significantly higher in the individuals who developed PDS than in those who maintained normal glucose regulation. On the other hand, hematocrit was significantly lower in PDS than in normal glucose regulation. Logistic regression analysis identified alanine aminotransferase >or= 40 U/l, triglyceride >or= 1.69 mmol/l, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >or= 3.62 mmol/l and hematocrit < 38% as valuable factors for predicting the development of PDS. The present study demonstrates that the subjects with high risks for PDS could be identified from several clinical parameters and that they should be encouraged to improve their living habits not to develop diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Risk factors for development of pre-diabetic state from normal glucose regulation. 1714 92

Tribulus terrestris L (TT) is used in the Arabic folk medicine to treat various diseases. The aim of this article was to investigate the protective effects of TT in diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetes is known to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) level that subsequently contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes. Rats were divided into six groups and treated with either saline, glibenclamide (Glib), or TT for 30 days. Rats in group 1 were given saline after the onset of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes; the second diabetic group was administered Glib (10 mg/kg body weight). The third diabetic group was treated with the TT extract (2 g/kg body weight), while the first, second, and third nondiabetic groups were treated with saline solution, Glib, and TT extract, respectively. At the end of the experiment, serum and liver samples were collected for biochemical and morphological analysis. Levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine were estimated. In addition, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were assayed in the liver. The tested TT extract significantly decreased the levels of ALT and creatinine in the serum (P < 0.05) in diabetic groups and lowered the MDA level in liver (P < 0.05) in diabetic and (P < 0.01) nondiabetic groups. On the other hand, levels of reduced GSH in liver were significantly increased (P < 0.01) in diabetic rats treated with TT. Histopathological examination revealed significant recovery of liver in herb-treated rats. This investigation suggests that the protective effect of TT for STZ-induced diabetic rats may be mediated by inhibiting oxidative stress.
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PMID:The protective effect of Tribulus terrestris in diabetes. 1715 17

Diabetes is associated with hyperglycemia, one of the most important causes of oxidative stress. Endogenous antioxidants are able to destroy the reactive species and create a balance between antioxidant and free radicals. In diabetes, the oxidative stress is increased due to the deficiency in the antioxidant defense. The intake of antioxidants, such as vitamin E, may reduce the oxidative stress associated with diabetes and hence help to restore the antioxidant defense system. The aim of this article was to investigate the effect of different doses of vitamin E on the biochemical parameters of normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Biochemical analysis was used to study the effect of this vitamin on the biochemical parameters of normal and diabetic rats. The plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT) were significantly increased after the onset of diabetes. In addition, STZ-induced diabetes also caused an increase in the level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Oral administration of vitamin E (0.2-0.4 mg daily) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the plasma level of ALT, AST, and gamma-GT. In addition, there was a slight but not significant reduction in the plasma level of ALP. Parameters of kidney function, such as BUN and creatinine, were slightly reduced after the oral administration of vitamin E. The plasma level of electrolytes, such as calcium and sodium, also changed significantly (P < 0.00001) after the oral administration of vitamin E. Vitamin E ameliorates the metabolic and biochemical parameters of diabetic rats.
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PMID:Vitamin E ameliorates some biochemical parameters in normal and diabetic rats. 1715 19

Inhibitory effects of reduced glutathione (GSH) on serum enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) were investigated in the hypoglycemic rabbits. Hypoglycemia lasting for 60 min was induced by intravenous injection of insulin (10U/kg) and then recovered by intravenous glucose injection. Serum levels of ALT, AST, LDH and CK increased significantly (p<0.05) at 6h after the induction of hypoglycemia. Plasma GSH, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and total glutathione (TGSH) began to increase significantly (p<0.05) at 1h after the insulin injection, and GSSG/TGSH ratio rose significantly (p<0.05) at 6h after the induction of hypoglycemia. GSSG contents and GSSG/TGSH ratio in quadriceps significantly increased during hypoglycemia. Administration of GSH significantly decreased plasma GSSG levels, GSSG/TGSH ratio (p<0.05) and suppressed the rise of serum enzymes induced by hypoglycemia. These results suggest that GSH administration may play a preventive role for increases of serum enzymes by experimental hypoglycemia.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007 Sep
PMID:Glutathione suppresses increase of serum creatine kinase in experimental hypoglycemia. 1732 29

In diabetes screening with hemoglobin A1c in lieu of plasma glucose, the optimum cut-off point for predicting the incidence of diabetes mellitus in the four-year period was examined. In addition, considerations were given on items in the screening and questionnaire aside from hemoglobin A1c, which would be useful in predicting diabetes aside from hemoglobin A1c. The optimum cut-off point of hemoglobin A1c to predict diabetes, based on receiver operating characteristic curve, was 5.3 percent (sensitivity, 84.2%; specificity, 92.1%). Based on the logistic regression analysis, useful items (other than hemoglobin A1c) were alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. A combined application of hemoglobin A1c with alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase for predicting the incidence of diabetes in the four-year period resulted in the sensitivity of 86.8% and the specificity of 96.3%. When the combined application was compared with the sole use of hemoglobin A1c at 5.3%, the combined use was superior to the latter in terms of both sensitivity and specificity, resulting in the reduction of false positives by more than 50%.
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PMID:The logistic regression and ROC analysis of group-based screening for predicting diabetes incidence in four years. 1732 55

To examine metabolic changes (lipids, liver enzymes, blood pressure, and weight) potentially associated with conversion to diabetes, we analyzed serial glucose and other metabolic measures obtained every 6 months within the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study trial. Changes in parameters for 86 men who converted to new-onset diabetes ("converters": two consecutive glucose levels > or =7 mmol/l) were compared with 860 "nonconverters" matched for age and treatment allocation. Eighteen months before the diagnosis, converters to diabetes had elevated (P < 0.01) fasting glucose, weight, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood pressure, and white cell count and lower HDL cholesterol compared with nonconverters. The mean (SD) increase in fasting glucose over 18 months in converters was 1.80 (1.52) mmol/l, compared with 0.10 (0.57) in nonconverters. Of parameters measured, only ALT (P = 0.0005) and triglyceride (P = 0.030) increased significantly more over the 18 months in converters compared with nonconverters, but neither parameter increased significantly in nonconverters with high baseline glucose concentrations (>6.1 mmol/l). Finally, only sustained increases in ALT predicted a higher risk for diabetes. We conclude that a relatively rapid rise in fasting glucose levels is frequent in converters to diabetes and that associated increases over time in ALT and potentially triglyceride suggest hepatic fat accumulation as a contributing factor for conversion to diabetes in men at risk.
Diabetes 2007 Apr
PMID:Serial metabolic measurements and conversion to type 2 diabetes in the west of Scotland coronary prevention study: specific elevations in alanine aminotransferase and triglycerides suggest hepatic fat accumulation as a potential contributing factor. 1739 44


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