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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human pituitary tissues from 27 patients and 7 persons post mortem were dissociated into single cell suspensions. On the average, 23% of the cells were mammotrophs. The concentration of prolactin in these suspensions averaged 3.8 ng/1,000 cells. After cell separation by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity, mammotrophs and other cell types were enriched twofold to threefold. The separated mammotrophs retained structural integrity at light and electron microscopic levels. In eight separation experiments, cells recovered from different gradient regions were assayed for intracellular prolactin levels. In cells from "normal" subjects, 8.5% of the prolactin recovered from the gradient was associated with large mammotrophs, whereas in patients with breast cancer, 28% of the hormone was associated with large mammotrophs. The number of mammotrophs recovered from this gradient region (beyond fraction 6) was doubled in breast cancer (2 expts). These mammotrophs showed areas of hypertrophied Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum. Culture of the separated cells from 1 patients with diabetes and 2 patients with breast cancer for 21 days showed that mammotrophs in the upper gradient fractions (diabetic) secreted seven times more hormone than those in the lower regions, whereas those mammotrophs from patients with breast cancer that fell to the lower gradient regions secreted 15 times more prolactin than did those in the upper regions. These data suggest that pituitaries of patients with breast cancer contain a small pool (10-20%) of hypertrophied mammotrophs that have the potential for significant secretory activity in vitro.
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PMID:Characterization of mammotrophs separated from the human pituitary gland. 100 54

Amniotic fluid (AF) and maternal serum (MS) chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), placental lactogen (HPL), pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1), total estrogens (ET), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and prolactin (PRL) were measured by enzyme-immunoassays, in 50 normal (A) and in 37 abnormal (B) pregnancies, from 16th to 40th weeks. A: the proteins HCG, AFP and PRL showed a similar decreasing trend after the 20th week, while HPL and SP1 rose progressively throughout the 2nd trimester, thereafter remaining constant. On the contrary ET showed an increasing pattern until term. Chorionic gonadotropin HPL and SP1 in MS were higher than in AF, while AF values of AFP and PRL were higher than in MS, but the ratio MS/AF of all hormone values increased significantly from the 2nd to the 3rd trimester (p < 0.005-p < 0.000001). Estrogens had about the same concentration in AF and MS during the 2nd trimester, but at term of pregnancy, their AF values were double those of MS. B: in polyhydramnios, elevated AF placental hormones were found, while PRL was very low. In erythroblastosis and diabetes, AFP was very low, but placental hormones, PRL and ET were both high and low. In toxemia, SP1, hCG and PRL were elevated, while HPL and ET were very low. In anencephaly and hydrocephaly with spina bifida, AFP was markedly elevated and ET were very low, but in simple hydrocephalus, very low AFP was found. In chromosomal anomalies very high placental hormones and very low AFP and ET were found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Amniotic fluid hormone profiles during normal and abnormal pregnancy. 128 May 39

Male sexual impotence is the symptom of an alteration of central and peripheral mechanism neuropsychoendocrine, vascular and neurological. Nowadays it affects 8-10% of sexually active population. In some diseases, like diabetes and uremia, it can reach very high percentages of incidence. At our Andrology Center 35% of referrals are represented by sexual complaints. In the last years the diagnostic accuracy has increased, narrowing the percentage of unknown causes. Vasculopathy represents the most relevant pathological condition associated with impotence: it can affect both arterial and venous vessels. The new medical technologies and procedures permit an increase of the life span but often affecting the quality of life. Therefore, the iatrogenic causes of impotence, both pharmacological and surgical, are growing. A modern diagnostic approach starts with an accurate clinical history and physical examination, followed by an NPT (nocturnal penile tumescence) test and/or ICI (intracavernosal injection) with a standard dose of PGE1 and Doppler flowmetry of penile arteries. An endocrine evaluation (LH, testosterone and prolactin) is also performed. Further investigation of a vascular dysfunction is represented by more invasive procedures, like arteriography, cavernosography and cavernosometry. A suspect of neurological disease is confirmed by sacral evoked potentials. According to the findings of these examinations, a correct therapeutical approach can be applied in 100% of cases. An endocrine treatment is adequate only when a clear reduction of T plasma level or hyperprolactinemia are present. The treatment of other central disorders causing psychoneuroendocrine impotence is promising, but still under investigation. The intracavernosal injection of vasoactive drugs, apart from having revolutionized the diagnostic approach to the impotent patient, represents a clear standpoint in medical management of impotence, particularly in vascular and neurological diseases. The great advancement in the technology of penile prostheses has allowed the development of valuable and reliable tools to be used in selected cases.
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PMID:[Recent diagnostic and therapeutic aspects in male sexual impotence]. 128 49

The present paper presents studies of the sexual behavior characteristics and the associated changes of LH releasing factor and of sex hormone receptor concentrations in hypothalamic regions involved in the regulation of sexual behavior activity and hypophyseal gonadotropic function (the anterior preoptic and mediobasal regions) of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The activities of both motivational and copulative components of sex behavior of such rats were found reduced. These changes were parallelled by LH-RH reduction in the median eminence and in the synaptosomal fraction of the anterior preoptic and mediobasal regions. An increased concentration of estradiol nuclear receptors was found in the anterior preoptic region, that may be responsible for the male feminization in diabetes and for weaker male sexual activity parameters. Blood levels of LH and FSH in experimental rats were virtually the same as in the reference animals, whereas prolactin and testosterone levels were reduced in the presence of elevated estradiol content. The majority of the detected hormonal shifts and sexual behavior characteristics normalized after compensatory insulin therapy. The authors come to a conclusion on the neuroendocrine disorders at the level of the CNS in animals with experimental diabetes during the formation of the motivational and copulative components of sexual behavior.
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PMID:[Disorder of neuroendocrine regulation of sexual behavior of male rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes]. 130 50

A 57-year-old obese woman with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and a 40-year history of secondary amenorrhea was diagnosed with corticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Dynamic endocrine testing and radiological evaluation did not reveal definitively the source of the excess corticotropin. Bilateral adrenalectomy was performed with resolution of the signs and symptoms of hypercortisolism. Four years later, the patient was noted to have rising serum corticotropin levels and an enlarging pituitary mass; hyperprolactinemia also was documented. A diagnosis of Nelson-Salassa syndrome was made, and she underwent a transsphenoidal adenomectomy. A histological examination of the specimen revealed two distinct, albeit contiguous, adenomas: a corticotroph adenoma and a lactotroph adenoma. Postoperatively, the serum prolactin and corticotropin levels decreased significantly. Although the stalk section effect resulting from compression by a pituitary adenoma can raise serum prolactin levels, a concurrent lactotroph adenoma should be considered in patients with nonfunctional or functional pituitary adenomas of other types associated with significantly elevated prolactin levels. The mechanisms underlying simultaneous adrenocorticotropic hormone and prolactin excess are discussed.
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PMID:Coexisting corticotroph and lactotroph adenomas: case report with reference to the relationship of corticotropin and prolactin excess. 131 62

Plasma lipoproteins were studied longitudinally at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester of gestation and at postpartum and postlactation in 12 age-matched PGDM women, 9 GDM women, and 12 healthy control subjects. FPG and HbA1c were higher in every case in PGDM women than in control subjects, whereas in GDM patients, glucose was augmented only after parturition. FFA and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were higher in both PGDM and GDM patients than in control subjects during gestation but not after parturition. Total TGs and VLDL, LDL, and HDL TGs increased with gestational time in the three groups and declined at postpartum, and although total cholesterol and VLDL, LDL, and HDL cholesterol followed a similar trend, their rise was less pronounced, and the decline after parturition was slower than that of the TGs in the three groups, with no difference among them. The VLDL TG/cholesterol ratio declined in the three groups at the 3rd gestational trimester, whereas in both LDL and HDL, the TG/cholesterol ratio, but not the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio, increased during gestation in the three groups, indicating a specific enrichment of TGs in these particles. The increase in apoA-I and apoB with gestation was parallel to the respective changes in HDL and LDL cholesterol and, again, no difference was observed between the three groups. Plasma levels of beta-estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin increased sharply with gestation and declined at postpartum in the three groups, but absolute values of beta-estradiol and prolactin, at the three trimesters of gestation, were lower in PGDM patients, but progesterone levels were lower than controls in GDM women only at the 3rd trimester. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diabetes 1992 Dec
PMID:Longitudinal study of plasma lipoproteins and hormones during pregnancy in normal and diabetic women. 144 7

Octreotide and bromocriptine were used to treat an acromegalic patient harbouring an invasive pituitary tumour secreting growth hormone and prolactin. Octreotide (100 micrograms, subcutaneously, three times daily) and bromocriptine (15 mg orally, daily) rapidly improved clinical signs and symptoms, including diabetes that initially required insulin. Complete control of growth hormone and prolactin secretion was obtained and maintained by this treatment protocol for 12 months without affecting the other pituitary functions. A major tumour shrinkage was apparent by magnetic resonance imaging after six months, and was considered to be complete after 12 months of treatment. Octreotide was then discontinued without any relapse in either growth hormone secretion or tumour growth over a 20-month period following withdrawal. Attempts were made to discontinue bromocriptine, but a maintenance therapy (2.5 mg daily) was required to control rebounds of prolactin hypersecretion. Two months after octreotide withdrawal, acute pancreatitis secondary to cholelithiasis required surgery; this complication was attributed to octreotide (pre-treatment ultrasonography was normal). These findings suggest that combination therapy with octreotide and bromocriptine may be considered in pituitary macroadenomas secreting growth hormone and prolactin. They also emphasize the need for a close monitoring of cholelithiasis, not only during octreotide therapy but also after the drug's withdrawal.
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PMID:Invasive mixed growth hormone/prolactin secreting pituitary tumour: complete shrinking by octreotide and bromocriptine, and lack of tumour growth relapse 20 months after octreotide withdrawal. 154 25

In 10 hypercholesterolemic patients with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes, simvastatin 10-40 mg/day was compared to placebo in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study with treatment periods of 12 weeks. Between each treatment there was a wash-out period of 4 weeks. Compared to placebo, simvastatin reduced total cholesterol by 19% (p less than 0.001) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 24% (p less than 0.001). Simvastatin therapy reduced plasma triglyceride by 8% and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 8%, but neither of these alterations was significant (p greater than 0.05). Diabetic control and daily requirement of insulin were not influenced by simvastatin. In six patients, all men, there were no alterations in the concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate, testosterone, estradiol, prolactin, luteinizing hormone or follicle-stimulating hormone, while sex hormone-binding globulin was significantly (19% (p less than 0.05)) reduced during therapy with simvastatin. Thus, in Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients, simvastatin causes significant reductions in plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol which are similar in magnitude to those observed in non-diabetics. This favourable effect can be obtained without any concomitant negative influence on glucose regulation or total gonadal steroid hormone concentrations.
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PMID:Effect of simvastatin in patients with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia. 157 50

We experienced 41 cases of Cushing's syndrome (12 males and 29 females, 15 years old - 65 years old) during the last 20 years. These included 20 patients with unilateral adrenal adenoma (Cushing's syndrome), 19 patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (Cushing's disease), one patient with adrenal carcinoma and one patient with primary adrenocortical nodular dysplasia (PAND). Moreover, these cases included some special ones, i.e. 5 cases with destructive thyroiditis after treatment, 2 cases with aggravation of arthritis after treatment, a case of Carney's complex with PAND, one case with paradoxical response to dexamethasone, and one case combined with empty sella syndrome. The most specific clinical signs were moon face (95% occurrence), hypertension (95%) and subcutaneous bruising (80%). Other significant signs were eye edema (66%), buffalo hump (68%), subcutaneous purpura (63%) and osteoporosis (49%). Skin striae was not a common sign in our cases (41%). Renal stone was observed in only 20% of our patients but was a significant sign in this syndrome. There was no difference in the occurrence of each clinical sign between Cushing's syndrome and Cushing's disease. The elevation of white blood cell count (WBC) and serum sodium, a decrease of serum potassium, and a decrease of reabsorption of phosphate (%TRP) were observed. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and human growth hormone (HGH) were suppressed in patients with Cushing's syndrome and patients with Cushing's disease. These results were consistent with those of previous reports. However, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL) were high in those patients with Cushing's syndrome and those with Cushing's disease. Oral glucose tolerance test was carried out in 34 patients before and after treatment. Thirty-one percent of those had diabetes mellitus and 26% had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The response of IRI in this test was high in patients with Cushing's syndrome and patients with Cushing's disease, and decreased 4 weeks after treatment in those with Cushing's syndrome but remained high in those with Cushing's disease. Plasma ACTH level and urinary 17-OHCS excretion were significantly higher in Cushing's disease than in Cushing's syndrome. During an 8mg-high-dose dexamethasone suppression test, urinary 17-OHCS excretion in 13 of 14 patients with Cushing's disease (93%) was suppressed by more than 50% of baseline on the second day of testing. However, all of 18 patients with Cushing's syndrome, who had an 8mg-dexamethasone suppression test, failed to suppress urinary 17-OHCS by 50% of baseline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Forty-one cases of Cushing's syndrome: a comparison between Cushing's syndrome (adrenal adenoma) and Cushing's disease (adrenal hyperplasia)]. 163 31

The pituitary-testicular axis, penile reflexes, and copulatory behavior were studied in male BB diabetic rats from 10 to 40 wk of diabetes. Serum testosterone was diminished from 18 to 28 wk of diabetes, and the responses to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation were blunted. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) in diabetic rats did not differ from that of the control rats before or after LH-releasing hormone stimulation. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin levels were also similar to controls. After 26 wk of diabetes, androgen-sensitive reproductive accessory organs were significantly reduced in size. This also was true for the androgen-sensitive bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles. Penile reflexes in these animals from 20 to 32 wk of diabetes were consistently reduced in number and demonstrated prolonged latency. Copulatory behavior was evaluated in these animals at 25 and 28 wk of diabetes and revealed a reduced number of BB diabetic rats showing normal behavior at 25 wk of diabetes. At 28 wk of diabetes, mount latency, intromission latency, ejaculatory latency, and the postejaculatory interval were all prolonged compared with controls. In addition, the number of diabetic animals showing normal behavior was reduced compared with controls. These studies demonstrate that chronically BB diabetic rats develop diminished testosterone and erectile dysfunction that precedes ejaculatory dysfunction in a similar fashion as impotence in diabetic men. We suggest that further studies in this animal model may be critical to the better understanding and treatment of impotence in diabetic men.
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PMID:Erectile and copulatory dysfunction in chronically diabetic BB/WOR rats. 163 93


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