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 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review focuses on sinus, sino-orbital, and rhinocerebral infection caused by the Mucorales. As the traditional term of "rhinocerebral" mucormycosis omits the critical involvement of the eye, the more comprehensive term as rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) is used. The most common underlying illnesses of ROCM are diabetes mellitus, hematological malignancies, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and solid organ transplantation. Sporangiospores are deposited in the nasal turbinates and paranasal sinuses in immunocompromised patients. Qualitative and quantitative abnormalities of neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages increase the risk for development of mucormycosis. Altered iron metabolism also is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of patients with diabetes mellitus who are at risk for ROCM. Angioinvasion with thrombosis and tissue necrosis is a key pathophysiological feature of human Mucorales infection. The ethmoid sinus is a critical site from which sinus mucormycosis may extend through the lamina papyracea into the orbit, extraocular muscles, and optic nerve. The brain may be seeded by invasion of the ethmoidal and orbital veins, which drain into the cavernous sinuses. Diplopia and ophthalmoplegia may be the earliest manifestations of cavernous sinus syndrome before changes are apparent on diagnostic imaging modalities. Negative diagnostic imaging does not exclude cavernous sinus mucormycosis. Mucormycosis of the maxillary sinus has a constellation of clinical features that are different from that of ethmoid sinus mucormycosis. A painful black necrotic ulceration may develop on the hard palate, indicating extension from the maxillary sinus into the oral cavity. Orbital apex syndrome is an ominous complication of mucormycosis of the orbit. Once within the orbital compartment, organisms may extend posteriorly to the optic foramen, where the ophthalmic artery, ophthalmic nerve and optic nerve are threatened by invasion, edema, inflammation and necrosis. Early diagnosis of sinus mucormycosis is critical for prevention of extension to orbital and cerebral tissues. Optimal therapy requires a multidisciplinary approach that relies on prompt institution of appropriate antifungal therapy with amphotericin B, reversal of underlying predisposing conditions, and, where possible, surgical debridement of devitalized tissue. Outcomes are highly dependent upon the degree of immunosuppression, site and extent of infection, timeliness of therapy, and type of treatment provided. New modalities for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention are critically needed for improved outcome of patients with ROCM.
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PMID:Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis. 2268 77

Orbital apex syndrome (OAS) is a localized orbital cellulitis at the orbital apex that can cause vision loss from optic neuropathy and ophthalmoplegia involving multiple cranial nerves. Herein, we report a rare and rapidly progressive case of OAS secondary to fungal pansinusitis caused by Scedosporium apiospermum in an immunocompromised patient following the extraction of abscessed teeth. A 48-year-old man with diabetes mellitus who had failed to adhere to his treatment presented with complaints of a right-sided headache and toothache for two weeks, with nausea and vomiting for two days prior to presentation. The patient was treated for septic shock secondary to the dental abscesses. Non-contrast brain computed tomography (CT) showed no significant intracranial abnormalities other than pansinusitis. Four days later, dental extraction was performed. The patient reported progressive painless blurring of the vision in his right eye following the dental extractions and was referred to the ophthalmology department. Subsequent examinations revealed decreased optic nerve function and ophthalmoplegia in his right eye and dental caries in the upper molars, with a mucopurulent discharge from the right sphenoid region. The clinical diagnosis was OAS. Pus near the orbital apex was drained surgically. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the pus and a nasal swab. Tissue culture from the septal wall yielded S. apiospermum. The patient's condition deteriorated, despite intensive antibiotic and antifungal treatment and repeated surgical debridement. The disease progressed rapidly to his left eye. Sixty-seven days after the inital presentation, his visual acuity (VA) of both eyes was classified as no perception of light (NPL). The patient discharged himself from the hospital (at own risk discharge) and subsequently failed to attend a scheduled appointment in the ophthalmology clinic. If immunocompromised patients present with OAS, fungal infections should be ruled out. Prompt and aggressive treatment using a multidisciplinary approach is mandatory in cases of potentially life-threatening and vision-threatening fungal infections.
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PMID:Scedosporium apiospermum: A Rare Cause of Aggressive Orbital Apex Syndrome. 3080 May 53

Orbital apex syndrome (OAS) can be a rare, but severe complication of an odontogenic infection and has high morbidity and mortality. Antibacterial drugs are typically an appropriate treatment choice, but the most severe cases are fungal in nature and pose a tough challenge to the clinician. The aim of this study was to determine the predisposing factors, specific aspects in its management and the appropriate treatment strategy in order to improve patient outcome. A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, PubMed Central, Web of Science, and Scopus up to February 2020, based on the associations between dental extraction or infections and OAS. Of 721 papers found, 18 articles were considered eligible and presented in total 21 cases (13 fungal and eight bacterial infections). The information was organized into a diagnostic and treatment algorithm which included data extracted both from the included cases and updated literature of treatment efficacy studies. Immunosuppression (uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and chemotherapy) was found as an important predisposing factor particularly for fungal infections. In these cases, we suggest that early simultaneous approaches, including aggressive surgical procedures and systemic administration of amphotericin B, result in a better outcome. In conclusion, medical intervention success depends on aggressive treatment and multidisciplinary teamwork.
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PMID:A systematic review of orbital apex syndrome of odontogenic origin: Proposed algorithm for treatment. 3292 61