Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this study was to study the effect of overweight and obesity on glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional national epidemiological randomized household survey of 2059 Saudi subjects, aged 30-64 years was carried out. The sample was representative and was in accordance with the national population distribution with respect to age, gender, regional and residency, urban versus rural population distribution. The subjects height and weight for the calculation of body mass index (BMI) was measured. Blood samples were drawn and assayed for glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Low density lipoprotein (LDL) was calculated. The oral glucose tolerance test was carried out for subjects with borderline random glucose concentration and the overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus was calculated. A high prevalence of obesity among the Saudi population was observed and mean serum glucose concentration was significantly higher among overweight and obese groups. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was significantly higher among obese groups. The mean serum triglyceride concentration was only significantly higher among male obese groups. There was no significant difference in the mean of serum total cholesterol concentration between control and obese groups. Mean serum HDL concentration was lower among the obese group, however, the difference was not significant. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia between control and obese groups. Prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was higher among obese groups and was significantly higher among male subjects across all BMI groups. Prevalence of hypo HDL cholesterolemia exceeded 50% of the study population. Obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo HDL cholesterolemia and features of insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) are widely prevalent among the Saudi population over the age of 40 years. IRS is probable a significant contributor to the pathologic process of cardiovascular (CVD) disease among the Saudi population, especially in view of the low prevalence of hypercholesterolemia.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1997 Jun
PMID:Effect of overweight and obesity on glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia in Saudi Arabia, epidemiological study. 923 85

We assessed the contribution of serum homocysteine levels, an independent risk factor for vascular disease, and of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T mutation to the variability of carotid intimal-medial thickness (IMT) in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Ninety-five patients (33 males and 62 females, mean age 53 +/- 10 years) without nephropathy or other vascular complications were enrolled. Fasting total serum homocysteine and other biochemical analytes were measured. The MTHFR polymorphism was determined by the polymerase chain reaction. Common carotid IMT and plaques or stenoses in the carotid district were measured by ultrasonography. Serum total homocysteine concentrations were higher in subjects with the mutant (Val/Val) genotype than in those with the Ala/Val plus Ala/Ala genotypes (P = 0.02). On univariate analysis, carotid IMT was significantly associated with age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterolemia. No significant association was found between IMT and serum homocysteine or the MTHFR polymorphism, although a slightly greater IMT was observed in the homozygous Val genotypes. On multiple regression analysis, only age and BMI were independently associated with IMT and explained about 40% of IMT variability. The results did not change when the analysis was restricted to the subgroups with or without atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid district. In 95 Italian NIDDM patients without nephropathy, neither basal levels of serum total homocysteine nor the MTHFR C677T polymorphism predicted significant changes in common carotid intimal-medial thickness.
 ...
PMID:Serum homocysteine, MTHFR gene polymorphism, and carotid intimal-medial thickness in NIDDM subjects. 1050 Mar 10

beta 3-Adrenergic agonists have been proposed as potential new drugs for the treatment of diabetes and/or obesity therapy, because of the hypoglycemic and lipolytic effects found with some of these compounds. Moreover, their application in other therapeutic areas such as hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis has been suggested. This experimental trial was conducted to assess the effects of Trecadrine, a new molecule with affinity for beta 3-adrenoceptors, on a model of hypercholesterolemia in rats, and also to explore a possible beneficial role of these agents in lipid disturbances therapy. The results indicated a marked reduction in serum triglyceride levels (-40%; P < 0.01) and lipoprotein lipase activity in white fat (-49%, P < 0.001) of hypercholesterolemic rats treated with Trecadrine for 16 days as compared with hypercholesterolemic non-treated rats. Moreover, Trecadrine produced a significant increase in the oxygen consumption in brown adipose tissue (+154%, P < 0.01). In relation to cholesterolemia, an improvement in total cholesterol (-20%) and total/HDL-cholesterol ratio (-25%) in serum was noted in the animals receiving the pharmacological treatment. In conclusion, the results of this trial support that Trecadrine administration may have a therapeutic potential in disorders associated with hypertriglyceridemia such as obesity and some types of hyperlipidaemias.
 ...
PMID:Hypolipidemic properties of a diphenyl-methylen-ethylamine derivative with affinity for beta 3-adrenoceptors in a model of hypercholesterolemia. 1057 41

Having developed a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) syndrome model in the rabbit using Wirsung duct ligation, it appeared interesting to use it to study the relationship between glycemia and the plasma levels of TXA(2)and PGI(2), and of some other biochemical parameters such as cholesterol, triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase and transaminases. A comparative study was carried out in the sham-operated rabbits (controls, C) and those having their pancreatic duct ligatured (NIDDM, D) at 15, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days post-ligation. On the 40th days, whereas in the controls, glycemia was 1.17 +/- 0.04 g.l(-1), it reached a maximum of 4.62 +/- 0.76 g.l(-1)(25.40 mM) in the NIDDMs. No significant modification was observed either in cholesterolemia or in triglyceridemia in either group. The GOT and GPT were highly increased, from 11.50 +/- 4.00 IU. l(-1)and 27.00 +/- 1.50 IU.l(-1)(C) to 37.50 +/- 5.64 IU.l(-1)(P<0. 001) and 58.50 +/- 7.50 IU.l(-1)(D) (P<0.001) in the NIDDM group, suggesting that hyperglycemia occurred simultaneously with the degeneration of the pancreatic tissue. In parallel, in D rabbits, the plasma levels of TXB(2)and 6 keto PGF(1alpha)were augmented to 68.22 +/- 6.20 pg.ml(-1)versus 22.49 +/- 5.74 pg.ml(-1)(C) (P<0.001), and 127.11 +/- 14.39 pg.ml(-1)versus 48.65 +/- 4.51 pg.ml(-1)(C) (P<0. 001) respectively. Statistical studies showed a significant correlation (P<0.05 and <0.02) between glycemia and the biosynthesis of eicosanoids under study. Moreover, 25 mM was found to be the threshold level of glucose excess essential to increase the TXA(2)and PGI(2)biosynthesis significantly. This supports the results obtained by other authors studying the action of glucose on phospholipase activity and consequent eicosanoid production.
 ...
PMID:Modifications in the TXA(2) and PGI(2) plasma levels and some other biochemical parameters during the initiation and development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) syndrome in the rabbit. 1088 59

Atherosclerosis is a slowly progressive process, involving the intima and media of large and medium sized arteries and leading to the formation of focal lesions (plaques), containing lipid and fibrous tissue. A classification of atherosclerotic lesions includes: isolated foam cells, fatty streaks, preatheroma, atheroma, and fibroatheroma. Fibroatheroma is an unstable lesion, which might be complicated by intraplaque hemorrhage, rupture and overimposed thrombosis, leading to ischemia. This is the main mechanism responsible for myocardial infarction, stroke, and intermittent claudication. A widely accepted hypothesis for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is the response to the injury hypothesis. Endothelial damage or dysfunction is associated with increased arterial wall permeability to plasma constituents and with adhesion of platelets and monocytes, releasing growth factors and chemoattractant molecules. Several factors, in particular hyperlipidemia, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, produce endothelial damage, which is followed by other cellular reactions involved in the atherosclerotic process. Since long time it has been reported that atherosclerosis has some features of the inflammatory processes. The inflammatory response in the arterial system is to some extent different from that occurring in other tissues and organs, such as the liver, kidney, lung or joints. The measurement of metabolic markers of coronary risk (cholesterolemia, homocysteinemia, glycosylated hemoglobin) is useful to estimate the global coronary risk in the individual patient. The demonstration of atherosclerotic plaques by noninvasive ultrasounds provides a sensitive marker of early arterial disease, allowing an objective evaluation of the response of the arterial system to different treatments.
 ...
PMID:[Ischemic cardiopathy: risk factors and their biological role]. 1090 24

The report "Cholesterolemia Control In Spain, 2000. A tool for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention" reviews current evidence on cardiovascular prevention and therapeutical advances occurred in the last years, in order to help overall risk-based clinical decision-making. Cardiovascular disease ranks as the first cause of death in Spain, accounting for almost 40% of total mortality. During the last years age-adjusted cardiovascular death rates have been declining, but the absolute number of deaths by coronary heart disease is ascending due mainly to the population aging. Coronary heart disease is the first cause of hospital consultation due both to the lesser coronary heart disease mortality and to the increase in coronary heart disease incidence. The demographic, health and social impact of cardiovascular disease is increasing and it is likely to go on in the next decades. Appropriate treatment of high blood cholesterol and of other major modifiable risk factors is crucial for preventing cardiovascular disease. Specific actions to carry out depend on the risk to get ill. Individual risk stratification is essential as it determines the follow up periodicity and treatment intensity. Priorities of control of cholesterolemia and its consequent risk are based on risk stratification. The groups for intervention are ordered in a descendent priority hierarchy as follows: 1. Secondary prevention: Patients with established coronary heart disease or other atherosclerotic disease. 2. Primary prevention: Healthy individuals who are at high risk of developing coronary heart disease or other atherosclerotic disease, because of a combination of risk factors--including lipids (raised total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol, low HDL-cholesterol and raised triglycerides), smoking, raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose, family history of premature coronary disease--or who have severe hypercholesterolaemia, or other forms of dyslipidaemia, hypertension or diabetes. 3. Close relatives of patients with early onset coronary heart disease or other atherosclerotic disease. 4. Others individuals met in connection with ordinary clinical practice. In primary prevention, the therapeutic objective in high risk patients (risk (3)20%--upon the risk chart of the European Societies of Cardiology, Atherosclerosis, Hypertension--or individuals with 2 or more risk factors--National Cholesterol Education Program II-) is set up at LDL-cholesterol < 130 mg/dl. In secondary prevention, the drug treatment will be indicated when LDL-cholesterol (3)130 mg/dl and the therapeutic objective will be LDL-cholesterol < 100 mg/dl. Statins are first line drugs for treatment of high blood cholesterol. Where moderate-severe hypertrigliceridemia or low HDL-cholesterol fibrates are preferred. In acute coronary syndrome hypolipemiant treatment, where indicated, should be used as soon as possible. Coronary heart disease patients should be offered secondary prevention programmes which provide, in a continuous manner, a good clinical and risk factor control, with appropriate cost-effectiveness drugs.
 ...
PMID:[Cholesterolemia control in Spain, 2000. A tool for cardiovascular disease prevention. Ministry of Health and Consumption, Spanish Society of Cardiology and Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis]. 1091 11

Stroke patients have a high recurrence risk of 4-14% per year--depending on individual etiology. The best way of preventing a repeat insult and protecting the patient's remaining quality of life is to rigorously apply all available secondary prophylactic possibilities. These include measures aimed at modifying a health-endangering lifestyle, as well as medical treatment of all risk-enhancing illnesses. The present article offers an overview of the major confirmed and modifiable risk factors for stroke (arterial hypertension, smoking, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, overweight, hyper-cholesterolemia, thrombophilia, immoderate use of alcohol, lack of exercise, use of contraceptives, migraine), and outlines therapeutic strategies for secondary prevention.
 ...
PMID:[Stroke patients in general practice. Preventing recurrent infarct]. 1143 56

New immunosuppressants are said to be superior to cyclosporine due to their higher incidence of steroid sparing and to the reduced incidence of side-effects. From May 1992 to February 1995, 79 adults underwent primary liver transplantation using cyclosporine A (Sandimmun)-based triple drug immunosuppression. Nine patients who died early after liver transplantation due to reasons unrelated to immunological problems were excluded from this analysis. The long-term outcome of the remaining 70 patients was prospectively studied in relation to steroid and azathioprine withdrawal. They were re-evaluated 6-monthly in relation to liver and kidney function; cholesterolemia, infection, de novo diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension, malignancy, ophthalmological and osteomuscular diseases. In case of rejection occurring during or after steroid tapering, patients were switched, by protocol, to tacrolimus therapy. Median follow-up was 81 months (range 60-96). Forty-four patients (62.8 %) were biopsied 5 years after transplant; 20 patients (28.6 %) were biopsied at a median follow-up of 32 months (range 7.8-47). Six patients (8.6 %) who refused biopsies more than 1 year after liver transplantation had normal liver values throughout the whole follow-up period. Five-year actual patient and graft survivals were 75 % and 65.8 %, respectively, for the whole group (n = 79) and 85.7 % and 74.3 % for the studied group (n = 70). Steroids could be withdrawn in all but two patients (97.1 %) at a median time of 7 months (range 3-42). Steroids were restarted in six patients (8.6 %) for extrahepatic reasons. Freedom from steroids was thus observed in 62 patients (88.6 %). Seven patients (10 %) had rejection after steroid tapering; six were switched to tacrolimus. Two patients (2.9 %) needed retransplantation because of acute and chronic rejection whilst still being on full immunosuppression. In total, three patients (4.3 %) had histological signs of chronic rejection during follow-up. At 5 years post-transplant, 66.6 % and 13.3 % of the 60 patients at risk were on cyclosporine and tacrolimus monotherapy, respectively; 93.3 % were steroid-free. Mean creatinine and cholesterol levels were 1.56 +/- 1.3 mg/dl and 193.5 +/- 56.6 mg/dl; incidences of de novo arterial hypertension, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus were 26.6 % and 13.3 %. Two patients (2.8 %) developed post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, two (2.8 %) had skin cancer. Cyclosporine-based immunosuppression allows safe steroid withdrawal in most patients and cyclosporine monotherapy can be achieved in two-thirds without compromising graft and patient survival. Results of new immunosuppressive strategies should be approached with caution, especially when considering steroid sparing and the incidence of side-effects.
 ...
PMID:Adult liver transplantation and steroid-azathioprine withdrawal in cyclosporine (Sandimmun)-based immunosuppression - 5 year results of a prospective study. 1179 40

The relationship between a history of hypertension and the quality of its control in routine clinical practice and the risk of acute myocardial infarction was examined in a multicenter, case-control study conducted in Argentina between November 1991 and August 1994, within the framework of the FRICAS study. The cases were 939 patients with acute myocardial infarction and without a history of ischemic heart disease. The controls were 949 subjects identified in the same centers as the cases and admitted with a wide spectrum of acute disorders unrelated to known or suspected risk factors for acute myocardial infarction. The odds ratios and the 95% confidence intervals were derived from multiple logistic regression equations, including terms for age, gender, education, social status, exercise, smoking status, cholesterolemia, history of diabetes, body mass index, and family history of myocardial infarction. The quality of hypertension control was assessed with the most recent blood pressure reading reported by the subjects. Seventy-two percent of hypertensive cases and 62.6% of hypertensive controls had a history of antihypertensive therapy by self-report, when admitted to the medical center. The adjusted odds ratio for acute myocardial infarction due to hypertension was 2.58 (95% confidence interval, 2.08-3.19). The odds ratio was 2.42 (95% confidence interval, 1.88-3.11) when hypertensives reported that their greatest systolic value was below 200 mm Hg (moderate status) and 4.12 (95% confidence interval, 2.87-5.89) when it was above 200 mm Hg (severe status). When the highest diastolic blood pressure value was below 120 mm Hg (moderate status), the risk increased to 2.48 (95% confidence intervals, 1.90-3.24) and to 4.12 (95% confidence interval, 2.83-5.99) when it was above 120 mm Hg (severe status). If the most recent systolic blood pressure was less-than-or-equal140 mm Hg, the odds ratio was 2.59 (95% confidence interval, 1.96-3.41), and it was 3.42 (95% confidence interval, 2.40-4.87) when the value was >140 mm Hg. If the most recent diastolic blood pressure was less-than-or-equal90 mm Hg, the risk increased more than two fold (odds ratio=2.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.91-3.22), and if it was >90 mm Hg, it increased nearly four-fold (odds ratio=3.72; 95% confidence interval, 2.33-5.96). In smokers, the odds ratio was 2.28 in the absence of hypertension and increased to 7.51 when hypertension was present. In this Argentine population, hypertension is a strong and independent risk factor for acute myocardial infarction. In routine clinical practice, the control of blood pressure to levels below 140/90 seems to be required in order to reduce part (but not all) of the risk of acute myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients. (c) 2001 by CHF, Inc.
 ...
PMID:Hypertension and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in Argentina. The Argentine Factores de Riesgo Coronario en America del Sur (FRICAS) Investigators. 1182 1

Synthetic estrogens and progestins used in oral contraceptives (OCs) have inverse effects on lipoproteins: synthetic estrogens augment production of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and therefore of triglycerides, as well as of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and therefore of anti-atherogenic cholesterol which plays a clensing role in tissue cholesterol. Synthetic estrogens diminish production of low density lipoproteins (LDL), or atherogenic cholesterol. Norsteroid progestins have a strong anti-estrogenic action; they decrease cholesterolemia while lowering the rate of cholesterol tied to HDL. They also decrease the plasma level of VLDL. Derivatives of 17 OH progesterone do not seem to have these actions on lipoproteins. Things to do in treating OC users with abnormal lipid patterns include specifying the exact nature of the lipid abnormality by determining the plasma levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol and its fractions; comparing the lipid profile with the pattern before OC use so as to specify the type of anomalie; identifying family histories of diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidism, and cardiovascular pathology; inquiring about dietary habits, smoking, weight changes, and blood pressure; searching for the pathology responsable for lipid anomalies, which in the case of hypertriglyceridemia requires ruling out glycoregulation problems, diabetes, excessive alcohol consumption or use of diuretics, corticoids, or beta blockers and in the case of hypercholesterolemia involves hypothyroidism, cholestatic syndromes, nephropathies, or use of diuretics; and considering whether the progestin used in the OC is a potent anti-estrogenic capable of compensating for the hypertriglyceridemia provoked by the estrogen. In all cases of hyperlipidemia, regardless of the causes, pill use should be terminated and the patient should be followed up for 3 months to determine whether levels return to normal. The new contraceptive method may be nonhormonal or may be a minidosed progestin for obese, hypertensive, or diabetic women or normal dosed progestin for nondiabetic women with no risk factors and normal postprandial glucose levels. Things that should not be done in treating OC users with abnormal lipid patterns include neglecting to obtain baseline lipid and glucose profiles; failing to determine the lipid profiles and glucose tolerance after 6 months of pill use and at least once a year thereafter; prescribing the pill after age 40 or for women who are hyperlipidemic, diabetic, hypertensive, obese, smokers, or who have individual or family histories of vascular risk; or relying on a diet with reduced sugar and fats or a lower doses estrogen to resolve the problem.
 ...
PMID:[Do's and don'ts for a woman who has an abnormal lipid pattern and is taking oral contraceptives]. 1226 10


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>