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A "press-through" package (PTP), because it is large and square-shaped, tends to be caught in the esophagus when swallowed. A rare case of obstructive ileus induced by a PTP that was swallowed by 54-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus and acute appendectomy is reported. The PTP was 19 mm x 18 mm and was lodged in the cecum, which was stenosed because of preexisting intestinal adhesions; consequently, the PTP obstructed the ileus. The PTP was surgically removed.
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PMID:Obstructive ileus caused by a swallowed foreign body (a "press-through" package) and preexisting adhesions. 900 70

We report on a case of an atypically located gallstone ileus as a rare complication of cholecystolithiasis. A 61-year old lady with a history of diabetes type II and nephrolitiasis presented with abdominal pain lasting for 8 days and with vomiting and diarrhoea. Physical examination revealed a palpable tumour and pain in the left lower abdomen. An extensive elevation of blood sugar, CRP and leukocytosis was found. Initially X-ray of the abdomen and sonography showed signs of a subileus. Additionally a 5 x 2 cm mass with dorsal shadowing was detected by ultrasound. Gallbladder and the biliary system were normal. The sonographic suspicion of a gallstone ileus was confirmed by a subsequent CT scan. Under operation the gallstone was found in the distal Jejunum. A gallstone ileus must be included in the differential diagnosis of a tumour in the left lower abdomen. A tumour with dorsal shadowing and signs of a subileus may be the only sonographic findings of a gallstone ileus.
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PMID:[Atypical gallstone ileus: radiologic and sonographic findings]. 1040 80

Pathophysiologically, the non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) results from reduced blood supply to the intestine, caused by "low cardiac output syndrome", or the use of certain drugs leading to intestinal vasoconstriction and stasis of the microcirculation. Regardless of the aetiopathogenesis, the patient's prognosis crucially depends on rapid diagnosis and initiation of adequate medical or surgical intervention. In a 10-year retrospective chart analysis (1989 to 1998) we identified a total of 62 patients that demonstrated classical features of NOMI. The investigation focused on patients' history, risk factors, clinical symptoms, diagnostic procedures and patient's clinical outcome. The most important associated risk factors and concomitant diseases were reduced cardiac output (caused by preexisting heart failure), renal diseases, diabetes and the use of some specific drugs (digitalis, furosemide, ergotamine). Except for leucocytosis, elevated serum lactate and an increased CK/CK-MB level, all laboratory findings were unspecific. Using abdominal ultrasound and plain abdominal x-ray, 80% of the cases showed positive signs of ileus, subileus and free intraabdominal fluid. The angiographic diagnostics (mesentericography) of non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia showed the typical signs of peripheral vasoconstriction in 90% of the cases. Fifty three patients (86%) presenting with peritoneal signs underwent operative bowel exploration. Necrotic bowel had to be resected in 37 cases (60%). The overall letality was 58%. The progress made in better understanding the pathophysiology of NOMI has led to differential treatment of the disease. Close cooperation between surgeons and radiologists, coupled with early diagnosis and prompt treatment are necessary to optimize the clinical outcome.
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PMID:[Diagnosis and therapy of non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI)]. 1074 34

Newer, minimally invasive catheter-based endovascular technology utilizing stent grafts are currently being evaluated for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. A retrospective review of all (3 years) consecutive, non-ruptured elective AAA repairs was undertaken to document the results of AAA surgical repair in a modern cohort of patients to allow a contemporary comparison with the evolving endoluminal data. One hundred twenty-one AAAs were identified in a male veteran population. Mean age was 68.5 +/-7.7 years. Medical history review showed hypertension in 55%, heart disease in 73.5%, peripheral vascular disease in 21%, stroke and transient ischemic attacks in 22%, diabetes mellitus in 7%, renal insufficiency in 10%, and smoking history in 80%. The AAA size was documented with ultrasound (5.2 +/-1.3 cm, n=40) and computed tomography (5.6 +/-1.3 cm, n=100). Fifty-nine percent had angiography. Intraoperative end points included an operative time of 165 +/-6.3 minutes from incision to dressing placement. A Dacron tube graft was used in 78%, the remaining were Dacron bifurcated grafts. A suprarenal clamp was used in 8% for proximal aortic control with juxtarenal aneurysms. A pulmonary-artery catheter was placed in 69%. A transverse incision was used in 69% of patients and a midline incision was used in the rest. Estimated blood loss was 1505 +/-103 mL; cell saver blood returned 754 +/-53 mL; crystalloid/Hespan 4771 +/-176 mL; banked packed red blood cells 0.75 +/-0.11 U. Time to extubation was, in the operating room (78.5%), on the day of the operation (5.0%), postoperative day (POD) 1 (12.4%), POD2 (1.7%), POD3 (0.8%), and one case was performed with epidural anesthesia only. Postoperative end points included a 30-day mortality rate of 1.6% (two patients). Postoperative morbidity included wound dehiscence 0.8%; sepsis, urinary tract infection, wound infection, leg ischemia, ischemic colitis, and stroke each had an incidence of 1.6%; myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, pneumonia, re-operation for suspected bleeding, and ileus or bowel obstruction occurred with an incidence of 3.3%. No significant increase in serum creatinine levels was noted. Time to enteral fluids/nutrition was 3.5 +/-0.08 days. Patients were out of bed to a chair or walking by 1.3 +/-0.06 days postoperatively. The length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) was 2.0 +/-0.12 days and postoperative hospital stay was 6.6 +/- 0.33 days. Transfusion requirement for the hospital stay was 1.6 +/-0.2 U per patient. This review highlights a cohort of male veteran patients with significant cardiac co-morbidity who have undergone repair with a conventional open technique and low mortality and morbidity rates. This group had rapid extubation, time to oral intake, and ambulation. In addition, ICU and hospital stays were relatively short.
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PMID:Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. 1156 37

We herein describe a case of acute emphysematous cholecystitis in which the patient presented with symptoms of ileus. The patient was a 72-year-old man with no history of diabetes mellitus. He presented with epigastric pain, vomiting, and low-grade fever. Plain abdominal radiography showed some intestinal gas and niveau, and he was admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of ileus. The next day, the abdominal pain increased and was accompanied by muscular defense. Plain radiography and computed tomography of the abdomen were carried out, and an emergency laparotomy was performed under a diagnosis of panperitonitis due to a perforation of the gallbladder caused by acute emphysematous cholecystitis. The patient made favorable progress after the operation and was discharged on postoperative day 14. Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage has been increasingly performed for the treatment of acute emphysematous cholecystitis. but when a perforation of the gallbladder is suspected, a laparotomy first should be considered.
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PMID:Acute emphysematous cholecystitis preceded by symptoms of ileus: report of a case. 1199 52

We experienced a case of bronchospasm during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy under sedation. An 80-year-old man came to our hospital with abdominal distension with pain, nausea and vomiting. He has the history of splenectomy, cholecystectomy for hemolytic anemia and thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer, surgery for bilateral shoulder joints and diabetes. Abdominal X-ray suggested obstruction of the small intestine. On the third hospital day, gastrointestinal endoscopy was scheduled for insertion of a long ileus tube. Under sedation with diazepam 10 mg and local anesthesia of the pharynx with lidocaine spray 24 mg, the endoscope was inserted and when it reached the esophageal-gastrojunction, respiratory rate increased to 30 breaths.min-1 with expiratory stridor. The endoscope was removed immediately. He was oro-tracheally intubated and artificially ventilated. On the fourth hospital day, he was extubated under bronchoscopy. No abnormalities were observed in the trachea, vocal cord, pharynx and larynx. Later, it was revealed that he had a history of hoarseness and dysphasia. His left recurrent nerve and cervical nerve had been resected with thyroid and right cervical nerve anastomosed to the rest of the left recurrent nerve. The insertion of upper gastrointestinal endoscope might have induced bronchospasm stimulating distal esophageal afferent vagal reflex partly by regurgitation of gastric acid under sedation.
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PMID:[Bronchospasm during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy under sedation]. 1264 76

The so-called non-occlusive disease (NOD) or non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) is a severe and life-threatening pathology. Even under optimal circumstances and standardised diagnostic and therapeutic procedures maximum survival rates do not exceed 50 %. The NOD is a pathology of the elder patient and its incidence rises with other comorbidities such as reduced cardiac output, diabetes and renal insufficiency. Induction of the disease with a severe vasoconstriction of the splanchnic vessels may be a simple cardiac decompensation, a frequent trigger however is a previous heart surgery with consecutive cardiac shock. Early diagnosis is difficult to conduct because of unspecific symptoms. Beside abdominal pain in awake patients, ileus or subileus is remaining the single acute symptom which could be also a consequence of a postoperative paralysis. Laboratory parameters such as leucocytosis and elevated lactat levels are often positive, but unspecific and the latter may be a delayed sign of progressive disease. The only sufficient method for diagnosis implicating a possible treatment option seems to be an immediate angiographic examination. Because of the disappointing results of a solitary surgical approach transarterial medication via catheter is indicated. Depending of the course of the disease only a combination of local mesenteric infusion of vasodilatory drugs and surgical resection of already necrotic bowel promises a successful therapeutic approach and better survival rates.
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PMID:[Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia]. 1296 71

Patients with normal or borderline sweat tests present a diagnostic challenge. In spite of the availability of genetic analysis and measurement of nasal potential difference, there is still uncertainty in diagnosing cystic fibrosis in some patients. CA 19-9 is a tumor-associated antigen whose levels were previously found to be elevated in some cystic fibrosis patients. We investigated whether serum CA 19-9 levels can contribute to establishing the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in patients with a borderline sweat test, and evaluated the influence of different clinical variables on CA 19-9 levels. Serum CA 19-9 levels were measured in 82 cystic fibrosis patients grouped according to their genotype and in 38 healthy individuals. Group A included 50 patients who carried two mutations previously found to be associated with a pathological sweat test and pancreatic insufficiency (DeltaF508, W1282X, G542X, N1303K, and S549R). Group B included 13 compound heterozygote cystic fibrosis patients who carried one mutation known to cause mild disease with a borderline or normal sweat test and pancreatic sufficiency (3849+10kb C-->T, 5T). Group C included 38 normal controls. Nineteen cystic fibrosis patients carried at least one unidentified mutation. An association between CA 19-9 levels and age, pulmonary function, pancreatic status, sweat chloride, previous pancreatitis, serum lipase, meconium ileus, distal intestinal obstruction, liver disease, and diabetes was investigated. The distribution of CA 19-9 levels was significantly different between the three groups ( p<0.01); high CA 19-9 levels were found in 60% (30/50) of group Apatients and in 46.6% (6/13) of group B patients, but in only 5.2% (2/38) of the controls. CA 19-9 levels were inversely related to forced expiratory volume in 1 s, while no association was found with the other clinical parameters examined. Our findings suggest that the serum CA 19-9 in cystic fibrosis patients originates in the respiratory system, and has a useful ancillary role, particularly when diagnostic uncertainty exists. Hence, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis should be considered in patients with borderline sweat tests and high CA 19-9 levels, but normal levels do not exclude cystic fibrosis.
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PMID:Serum CA 19-9 levels as a diagnostic marker in cystic fibrosis patients with borderline sweat tests. 1459 87

The indications for initiating total parenteral nutrition (TPN) were prospectively evaluated in 100 consecutive patients at a tertiary referral hospital with a long-standing Nutritional Support Service to illustrate the reasons why the parenteral route was chosen at this unique institution in terms of patient population. Sixty male and 40 female patients, average age 59 +/- 17 years (range 22-86 years), were classified a priori as to the underlying reasons for initiation of TPN. The study was conducted by a Nutrition Support Service at this hospital without pediatric, trauma, or burn services specializing in the care of patients with diabetes mellitus. Of the 100 patients, 63% were from the surgical service; 24% had diabetes mellitus. Their mean weight (118 +/- 29% of ideal), body mass index (25 +/- 6 kg/m(2)), and serum albumin (2.8 +/- 0.7 g/dL) indicated a reasonable body composition with a moderate systemic inflammatory response. Six patients received preoperative TPN for an average of 5 +/- 3 days with a variety of diagnoses including malignancy, Crohn's disease, bowel obstruction, and gastrointestinal bleeding. The underlying reasons for initiating nutritional support were related to three factors that largely determine the need for involuntary feeding: preexisting protein calorie malnutrition, actual or anticipated semistarvation for a prolonged period, and the presence of a systemic inflammatory response. The choice of TPN was based on anticipated or proven intolerance to full enteral feeding. The duration of time before initiation of TPN postoperatively was 6 +/- 5 days, which reflects our policy that initially well-nourished patients who are experiencing a systemic inflammatory response should not undergo more than 5 to 7 days of inadequate feeding. The duration of TPN overall was 11 +/- 10 days, which primarily illustrates the dramatic reduction in length of hospital stay that has occurred throughout the health care system and the willingness to provide TPN in alternative settings including transitional care units, rehabilitation hospitals, and for short-term care, the patient's home. The most common specific reasons identified for initiating TPN rather than enteral nutrition were ileus (25%), an underlying acid-base or electrolyte/mineral disorder (13%) requiring correction, and the convenience of TPN because a central venous catheter was in place (12%). The usual indication for nutritional support at this tertiary referral and specialty hospital was actual or impending protein calorie malnutrition. TPN was chosen for a variety of reasons related to actual or anticipated tolerance to enteral feeding. This audit demonstrates that our TPN practice has evolved in relation to time of initiation and duration of feeding, which reflect a clearer appreciation of the risks and benefits of TPN.
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PMID:Indications for total parenteral nutrition in the hospitalized patient: a prospective review of evolving practice. 1553 43

Gallstone disease remains one of the most common medical problems leading to surgical intervention. Every year, approximately 500,000 cholecystectomies are performed in the US. Cholelithiasis affects approximately 10% of the adult population in the United States. It has been well demonstrated that the presence of gallstones increases with age. An estimated 20% of adults over 40 years of age and 30% of those over age 70 have biliary calculi. During the reproductive years, the female-to-male ratio is about 4:1, with the sex discrepancy narrowing in the older population to near equality. The risk factors predisposing to gallstone formation include obesity, diabetes mellitus, estrogen and pregnancy, hemolytic diseases, and cirrhosis. A study of the natural history of cholelithiasis demonstrates that approximately 35% of patients initially diagnosed with having, but not treated for, gallstones later developed complications or recurrent symptoms leading to cholecystectomy. During the last two decades, the general principles of gallstone management have not notably changed. However, methods of treatment have been dramatically altered. Today, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, and endoscopic retrograde management of common bile duct (CBD) stones play important roles in the treatment of gallstones. These technological advances in the management of biliary tract disease are not infrequently accomplished by a multidisciplinary team of physicians, including surgeons trained in laparoscopic techniques, interventional gastroenterologists, and interventional radiologists. With the evolution of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there has been a global reeducation and retraining program of surgeons. However, the treatment of choice for gallstones remains cholecystectomy. In recognition of the revolutionary advances in the treatment of cholelithiasis, it is the purpose of this collective review to describe recent information on the following topics: types of gallstones, asymptomatic gallstones, symptomatic gallstones, chronic cholecystitis, acute cholecystitis, and other complications of gallstones. Gross and compositional analysis of gallstones allows them to be classified as cholesterol, mixed, and pigment gallstones. When asymptomatic gallstones are detected during the evaluation of a patient, a prophylactic cholecystectomy is normally not indicated because of several factors. Only about 30% of patients with asymptomatic cholelithiasis will warrant surgery during their lifetime, suggesting that cholelithiasis can be a relatively benign condition in some people. However, there are certain factors that predict a more serious course in patients with asymptomatic gallstones and warrant a prophylactic cholecystectomy when they are present. These factors include patients with large (>2.5 cm) gallstones, patients with congenital hemolytic anemia or nonfunctioning gallbladders, or during bariatric surgery or colectomy. Epigastric and right upper quadrant pain occurring 30-60 minutes after meals is frequently associated with gallstone disease. The diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis is made by the presence of biliary colic with evidence of gallstones on an imaging study. Ultrasonography is the diagnostic test of choice, being 90-95% sensitive. The surgical literature suggests that 3-10% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy will have CBD stones. Intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography has recently replaced cholangiography as the method of choice for detecting CBD stones. Ultrasonography and radionuclide cholescintigraphy (HIDA scan) are useful in establishing a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy should also be used in the treatment of acute cholecystitis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is more likely to be successful when performed within 3 days of the onset of symptoms. It is important to remember that gallstones can lead to a variety of other complications including choledocholithiasis, gallstone ileus, and acute gallstone pancreatitis.
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PMID:Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. 1602 43


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