Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a survey the present possibilities are outlined to get knowledge about diseases of inner organs with the help of enzyme determinations in the urine. Here it is remarkable that changes of the enzyme excretion appear not only in renal disease with acute renal failure, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal infarction and nephroptosis but are also to be observed in primarily extrarenal diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, thesaurismoses, myocardial infarction, hypertension, acute pancreatitis, epidemic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice and rheumatoid arthritis. The causes of the changes of enzyme excretions are various. Since enzymes of different origin and localisation behave themselves variably, the simultaneous determination of a brush border marker (e.g. alanine aminopeptidase), a lysosomal enzyme (e.g. beta-glucuronidase or N-acetyl glucosaminidase) and a low molecular enzyme (e.g. lysozyme) is of use for the recognition of renal alterations. By the control of activities of urinary enzymes it is possible to get without risk informations about pathobiochemical processes in the kidney which are not to be gained by means of other methods.
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PMID:[Urinary enzyme excretion in diseases of the internal organs]. 636 87

The natural resistance of the organism studied in 152 patients with purulent surgical infections against the background of diabetes mellitus was found to be considerably changed. Prodigiozan included in the complex measures of treatment was shown by the author to result in positive dynamics of the indices of humoral defense of the organism, in shortening the terms of treatment in the hospital by 5,2 days on the average. The most pronounced influence on the natural immunity factors and better postoperative results were found following joint employment of lysozyme and prodigiozan. The hospital treatment of this group of patients was 7.3 days shorter.
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PMID:[Use of lysozyme and prodigiozan in the treatment of suppurative infections in diabetics]. 673 Jan 82

To evaluate the effect of improved metabolic control on kidney function, urinary excretion rate of beta-2-microglobulin, lysozyme, and gamma-glutamyltransferase were evaluated in nine poorly controlled, newly diagnosed diabetic patients before and during treatment. In six poorly controlled insulin-dependent nephropathic diabetic patients, besides the parameters cited above, urinary albumin excretion rate and IgG/transferrin clearance ratio were further investigated to estimate the permeability and the selectivity of glomerular barrier during conventional treatment and after improvement of the metabolic control by a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system (GCIIS). The improved glycemic control resulted in a significant reduction of urinary beta-2-microglobulin and lysozyme excretion in all diabetic patients. Significant decreases of urinary albumin excretion and of IgG/transferrin clearance ratio (indicating a more selective proteinuria) during strict metabolic control were also observed in nephropathic diabetic patients. The reduction of urinary beta-2-microglobulin and lysozyme excretion indicates that a tubular reabsorptive dysfunction, reversible with the amelioration of glycemic control, can be observed in poorly controlled, newly diagnosed and in insulin-dependent nephropathic diabetic patients during conventional treatment. In the latter patients, the permeability and the selectivity properties of glomerular barrier also improved during GCIIS.
Diabetes Care
PMID:Kidney function after improved metabolic control in newly diagnosed diabetes and in diabetic patients with nephropathy. 692 32

Neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis and intraneutrophilic and plasma levels of lysozyme as well as the number of T and B lymphocytes and lymphocyte transformation in vitro on stimulation with mitogens and microbial antigens were studied in four groups of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Twelve patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and ketoacidosis and 4 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were studied at the time of diagnosis and before and after start of treatment. Ten patients with IDDM of less than 10 years' duration which had been difficult to regulate well and 10 patients with IDDM well regulated for more than 20 years were studied at their regular outpatient visits. Apart from a slight increase in plasma lysozyme in group 1 from the first to the second examination, we found no differences between diabetics and healthy control persons. It is concluded that if patients with DM are more susceptible to infections, it is probably caused by elements of neutrophil or lymphocyte function not examined in this study or by factors unrelated to immunity.
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PMID:Neutrophil and lymphocyte function in patients with diabetes mellitus. 698 Dec 86

Aspects of humoral, secretory and cell-mediated immunologic status were studied in a group of 22 adults with severe, uncomplicated obesity. Normal concentrations of serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD) and complement components (C3, C4) were found. Levels of secretory IgA and lysozyme in the tears of obese patients did not differ from normal weight controls. The obese individuals had circulating sub-populations of T and B lymphocytes which were the same as controls. No effect of obesity was detected on the response of lymphocytes to stimulation in vitro with polyclonal T and B cell mitogens. All but two of the obese patients responded to one or more of the recall skin test antigens employed. We conclude that severe overweight alone, uncomplicated by diabetes or hyperlipidemia, is not associated with significant immunologic dysfunction.
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PMID:Immunologic status in severe obesity. 706 16

The activity of non-specific protection factors (complement titer, lysozyme level, completed phagocytosis index and serum immunoglobulin (IG) concentration) was studied in 100 children, aged 3 to 14 years: 70 with diabetes mellitus and 30 normal subjects. The results obtained indicate a decreased reactivity of the child organism in diabetes mellitus, the reduction degree being directly proportional to the main process severity and decompensation extent. Serum IG level in children, suffering from diabetes mellitus, is disturbed, i.e. high IgA concentration is often seen in the presence of normal IgM level and normal or decreased IgG content. Disimmunoglobulinemia is intensified within decompensation phase, depending on the pathological process duration and severity. The reduced IgG level in patients with severe diabetes apart from lower indices of non-specific immunity, stipulates pred disposition of children with diabetes mellitus to the secondary infection development. The indices studied may be used not only for characterizing the body immunobiological reactivity and protective mechanisms, but also for determining the disease severity and form.
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PMID:[Activity of nonspecific immunological factors and serum immunoglobulin levels in children with diabetes mellitus]. 732 31

Why diabetes is associated with abnormally high susceptibility to infection remains unknown, although two major antibacterial proteins, lysozyme and lactoferrin, have now been shown to specifically bind glucose-modified proteins bearing advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Exposure to AGE-modified proteins inhibits the enzymatic and bactericidal activity of lysozyme, and blocks the bacterial agglutination and bacterial killing activities of lactoferrin. Peptide mapping revealed a single AGE binding domain in lysozyme and two AGE binding domains in lactoferrin; each domain contains a 17- to 18- amino acid cysteine-bounded loop motif (CX15-16C) that is markedly hydrophilic. Synthetic peptides corresponding to these motifs in lysozyme and lactoferrin exhibited AGE binding activity, and similar domains are also present in other antimicrobial proteins. These results suggest that elevated levels of AGEs in tissues and serum of diabetic patients may inhibit endogenous antibacterial proteins by binding to this conserved AGE-binding cysteine-bounded domain 'ABCD' motif, thereby increasing susceptibility to bacterial infections in the diabetic population.
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PMID:Antibacterial activity of lysozyme and lactoferrin is inhibited by binding of advanced glycation-modified proteins to a conserved motif. 748 52

3-Deoxyglucosone (3-DG) has been identified as an intermediate of the Maillard reaction in vitro. We measured serum 3-DG levels using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and found a marked elevation in serum 3-DG levels in uremic patients compared with healthy subjects. The uremic patients with diabetes showed significantly higher serum concentrations of 3-DG than those without diabetes. 3-DG was demonstrated to be a potent protein-cross-linking agent in the reaction with lysozyme, leading to browning, fluorescence formation and polymerization of the protein by formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE). The increase in serum 3-DG levels in the uremic patients suggests that 3-DG may be responsible for the development of uremic complications by promoting the formation of AGE.
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PMID:Elevated serum levels of 3-deoxyglucosone, a potent protein-cross-linking intermediate of the Maillard reaction, in uremic patients. 777 10

The transfer of host defence capacity to the human offspring provides a remarkable model of passive transfer of immunity. In fact it may also provide an example of active immunization. The transfer of mucosal protection via breast feeding offers many additional advantages for the mother and infant. Through its contraceptive effects it increases the spacing between births, thus diminshing the infant mortality and the burden on the mother. It also enhances bonding between mother and child, it seems to increase the IQ and school result of the infant and might decrease the risk of certain malignancies and perhaps of juvenile diabetes. A fully breast-fed infant receives as much as 0.5-1 g of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibodies daily, the predominant antibody of human milk. This can be compared to the production of some 2.5 g of SIgA per day for a 60 kg adult. These SIgA antibodies have been shown to protect against Vibrio cholerae, ETEC, Campylobacter, Shigella and Giardia. Furthermore, milk is rich in receptor analogues for certain epithelial structures which microbes need for attachment to host tissues as an initial step in infections. Thus the adherence of Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococci for example to retropharyngeal cells is efficiently inhibited by human milk. This may be one explanation for the fact that breast-fed babies have less otitis media than the non-breast-fed. Other milk factors like lysozyme and lactoferin may contribute to the host defence, but this has not yet been well defined. However, human milk also supports the well-being of the infant by being anti-inflammatory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Breast feeding: overview and breast milk immunology. 782 63

Abnormalities of the immune response can be secondary to old age, to several pathologic conditions (i.e. diabetes mellitus, renal failure, solid and lymphohematologic neoplasias, leukopenia, malnutrition, autoimmune diseases, AIDS), to surgical stress or to burns, and to immunosuppressive therapies, both medical (corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents, antilymphocytic globulins) and surgical (splenectomy) as well as radiant (extensive radiotherapy). Old age can affect both humoral (reduced antibody synthesis) and cell-mediated (thymus involution, diminished ratio Th/Ts, depression of both delayed hypersensitivity reactions and cytotoxic activity of K cells) immune response. Hyponutrition, often observed in the elderly, adds a reduced production of secretory IgA, lysozyme and interferon, diminished complementary activity, phagocytosis defects, and vitamin deficits. Furthermore, in some chronic diseases we can observe reduced primary antibody response or depression of delayed hypersensitivity reactions (renal failure, neoplasias), changes in leukocyte functions (diabetes mellitus, leukemias and lymphomas) and, in particular in solid neoplasias, increased activity of Ts lymphocytes and the presence of circulating immunocomplexes. Changes in phagocytosis, opsonization and chemotaxis are typically seen in burns, whereas surgical stress can cause some inhibition of cell-mediated immunity. Finally, after splenectomy it is possible to observe an increased synthesis of IgA and IgG and, on the contrary, reduced production of IgM and properdin.
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PMID:[Pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for producing a secondary immunodeficiency state]. 786 Dec 9


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