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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several epidemiologic and clinical studies over the past years have shown that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are related to dyslipidemia, hypertension, android obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The insulin-resistance syndrome is thus closely associated with a cluster of potent cardiovascular risk factors, thereby explaining the 3-4 times higher incidence of cardiovascular disease in NIDDM. Recent observations point to the fact that insulin resistance is genetically determined and can be diagnosed a long time before the clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus in the prediabetic stage (stage of hyperinsulinemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia). Hence, it is not surprising that many NIDDM subjects suffer from cardiovascular complications already at the time diabetes is diagnosed. The pathogenetic mechanism of insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia as cardiovascular risk factor is considered to be a direct atherogenic action of insulin on vessel wall cells and an indirect effect on upper body obesity, blood pressure, lipids and hemostasis.
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PMID:[Insulin resistance and cardiovascular complications]. 784 94

The association between serum uric acid concentration and some cardiovascular risk factors was examined in a working Hong Kong Chinese population (mean age 38 years), consisting of 910 men and 603 women. There was no significant age-related rise in serum uric acid concentration. Positive associations were found between serum uric acid concentration and body mass index, waist hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, urea, creatinine, protein, glucose (fasting and 2 hours after 75 g oral glucose load), 2 hour insulin, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B in men. Similar, but fewer, associations were seen in women, with the addition of a positive association with age. In both sexes, serum uric acid was negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These findings complement the well-known clinical association between gout and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes mellitus, and suggest that serum uric acid may be a marker for the presence of an adverse cardiovascular risk factor profile.
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PMID:Association between serum uric acid and some cardiovascular risk factors in a Chinese population. 793 26

Obesity and overweight have great clinical and social significance and are associated with a number of medical and surgical complications. We attempt here to summarize current knowledge on the subject and describe the research we are presently carrying out in this field. After a brief introduction, definition, and discussion of etiopathogenesis, the indexes of ponderal excess and epidemiology are illustrated. The cardiovascular adjustments and the relationships between obesity and hypertension, ischemic heart disease and congestive heart failure are then treated. One aim of our investigation was to study the modifications of an entire set of biological and clinical parameters which could concretely formulate and/or identify some pathophysiological links between obesity and heart disease. We thus studied obese subjects with hypertension, diabetes and multiple cardiovascular risk factors. We also studied a group of asymptomatic obese subjects, whom we define as "the healthy obese". Our results, supported by the medical literature, led to the conclusion that obesity is an important and/or independent cardiovascular risk factor. We think, however, that it would be prudent to await for the results of interventional trials and follow-up studies involving a large number of young, healthy obese subjects in order to monitor the most important biological variables over the long term.
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PMID:Obesity and cardiovascular diseases. 800 89

The concept of microalbuminuria is reviewed. Measuring the urinary albumin excretion rate and testing for microalbuminuria is well established in the control and treatment of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Microalbuminuria predicts nephropathy and early cardiovascular death. In the presence of microalbuminuria frequent examinations are warranted for early detection of retinopathy, blood-pressure rise, and for optimizing the glycemic control. In patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes, the independent value of microalbuminuria as a cardiovascular risk factor is not yet clarified. The urinary albumin excretion rate should be measured at diagnosis, because the indications are that presence of microalbuminuria reinforces the urge to intervene against other well-documented cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, tobacco, and obesity). In the nondiabetic population, there is accumulating evidence that an elevated urinary albumin excretion rate is associated with early cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Large scale cross-sectional and prospective studies are needed in order to clarify further the role of microalbuminuria as an independent risk factor in the background population.
J Diabetes Complications
PMID:Microalbuminuria: an important diagnostic tool. 808 48

Untreated acromegaly is associated with an increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The contribution of altered lipid metabolism remains unclear. We investigated the relationship between serum apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) and growth hormone (GH) levels in 15 patients with acromegaly before and during treatment with octreotide, a long-acting somatostatin analogue, 288-600 micrograms/day s.c., for 6 months. Before treatment serum apo(a) was significantly elevated in acromegalic patients (geometric mean being 323 U/l vs. 142 U/l in controls (n = 92; P < 0.01)). Octreotide treatment resulted in significant reductions in serum apo(a) concentration (F = 7.22; P < 0.01; geometric mean being 232 U/l and 248 U/l at 3 months and 6 months respectively) and apo(a) concentrations on treatment were not significantly different from control values. There were significant reductions in serum GH (F = 7.30; P < 0.01), insulin growth factor 1 (IGF1) (F = 31.4, P < 0.001) and insulin (F = 4.57; P < 0.05) concentrations. Plasma glycosylated haemoglobin levels were unchanged. Apo(a) levels correlated with serum GH (r = 0.450; P < 0.01) but showed no correlation with basal insulin concentrations. Serum HDL cholesterol increased on treatment (F = 4.29; P < 0.05). Triglycerides were reduced only in the 12 patients without diabetes mellitus (F = 4.75; P < 0.05). No significant change in LDL cholesterol occurred. Our findings suggest that apo(a) may constitute another cardiovascular risk factor in untreated acromegaly and that GH may be involved in the regulation of circulating apo(a) concentration.
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PMID:Serum apolipoprotein(a) correlates with growth hormone levels in Chinese patients with acromegaly. 814 41

We reviewed the literature on the Mg++ cation with special attention on the clinico-therapeutical, physiopathogenic, and biochemical aspects. We extended the survey to some pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus, given our understanding that a deficiency of this ion may constitute a primary cardiovascular risk factor. The dissociation present between the levels of intracellular and serum Mg++ is shown, since it may invalidate results that follow. We place special emphasis on the necessity to treat certain pathologies with magnesium salts and to quantify, with successive studies, the amount to administer.
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PMID:[Magnesium. New perspectives]. 825 57

The concept of microalbuminuria is reviewed. Measuring the urinary albumin excretion rate and testing for microalbuminuria is well established in the control and treatment of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Microalbuminuria predicts nephropathy and early cardiovascular death. In the presence of microalbuminuria, frequent examinations are warranted for early detection of retinopathy, hypertension and for optimizing the glycaemic control. In patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes, the independent value of microalbuminuria as a cardiovascular risk factor is not yet clarified. The urinary albumin excretion rate should be measured at diagnosis, because the indications are that presence of microalbuminuria reinforces the urge to intervene against other well-documented cardiovascular risk-factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, tobacco and obesity). In the non-diabetic population there is accumulating evidence that an elevated urinary albumin excretion rate is associated with early cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Large scale cross-sectional and prospective studies are needed in order to further clarify the role of microalbuminuria as an independent risk factor in the background population.
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PMID:[Microalbuminuria--a valuable diagnostic parameter]. 827 36

This study attempted to verify the existence of a correlation between fibrinogen, a major cardiovascular risk factor in diabetes, and indexes of thrombin generation and action, prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2), and D-dimer (D-D), in a group of diabetic subjects compared with a matched control group. Forty insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients and 30 matched healthy control subjects participated in this study. The subjects were tested for the following parameters: fibrinogen, prothrombin F1 + 2, D-D, fasting glycemia, and HbA1c. In addition, 5 diabetic subjects who maintained stable fibrinogen plasma levels > 300 mg/dl for at least 6 months before the study were treated with 12,500 U/day subcutaneous heparin for 7 days. Diabetic subjects showed increased levels of fibrinogen, prothrombin F1 + 2, and D-D plasma levels. Simple linear regression analysis detected a positive correlation between fibrinogen and prothrombin F1 + 2, D-D, and glycosylated HbA1c. In the five diabetic subjects treated with heparin fibrinogen, prothrombin F1 + 2 and D-D levels decreased at the end of the treatment. All these parameters returned to baseline after 7 days of washout. These data indicate that fibrinogen plasma levels are correlated to parameters of thrombin activation in plasma in diabetic patients and suggest that high fibrinogen plasma levels might be a risk marker for cardiovascular disease in diabetes because it is an expression of an existing thrombophilia.
Diabetes 1994 Mar
PMID:Fibrinogen plasma levels as a marker of thrombin activation in diabetes. 831 16

The cardiovascular risk factor plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) has been associated with abdominal obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, and type II diabetes, conditions known to be linked with insulin resistance. To determine whether PAI-1 is related to insulin resistance, we studied nine obese nondiabetics and 10 obese type II diabetics by means of a sequential hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp study. Plasma PAI-1 antigen (Ag) correlated significantly with peripheral insulin resistance, represented by the insulin level at which peripheral glucose uptake (PGU) is half-maximal ([ED50PGU] r = .87, P < .001). Multiple regression analysis including indices of hepatic and peripheral insulin action, fasting plasma insulin levels, triglyceride levels, blood pressure (BP), waist to hip ratio (WHR), and body mass index (BMI) disclosed ED50PGU to account for 76% of the variance of PAI-1 Ag. We suggest that PAI-1 contributes to the increased cardiovascular risk encountered with insulin resistance.
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PMID:The cardiovascular risk factor plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 is related to insulin resistance. 834 17

It is generally known that patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) feature disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism and hypertension. The incidence and prevalence of frank diabetes mellitus is significantly increased in these patients. The etiology and pathogenesis of the vascular and metabolic aberrations in this condition are still unclear. Glucose intolerance in pHPT is characterized by severe insulin resistance associated with pancreatic beta cell hypersecretion of insulin. Hypercalcemia is thought to be mainly responsible for the impaired glucose metabolism. However, several studies demonstrated that hypophosphatemia can also induce insulin hypersecretion and impair peripheral glucose uptake. Hypertension in primary hyperparathyroidism is mainly attributed to hypercalcemia. However, high peripheral insulin levels are also proposed to contribute to the development of essential hypertension and hyperinsulinemia per se is regarded as an important independent cardiovascular risk factor. After parathyroidectomy and decrease of the calcium levels to within the normal range, the blood pressure levels of the patients with pHPT normalised very quickly, whereas normalization of the high peripheral insulin levels was only found in a subgroup of patients. Thus, hypercalcemia seems to be mainly responsible for hypertension in primary hyperparathyroidism. Another important, yet unresolved issue is the question as to whether or to which extent the disturbances in glucose homeostasis are reversible after surgical correction of pHPT. At an early stage of the disease, insulin resistance and insulin hypersecretion are fully reversible after parathyroidectomy, whereas in patients with long-standing primary hyperparathyroidism and severely impaired glucose tolerance the metabolic disturbances will only partially improve. These results argue for improved screening to identify asymptomatic patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and for early surgical intervention in this disease.
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PMID:[Diabetes mellitus and carbohydrate metabolism in primary hyperparathyroidism]. 847 26


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