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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The insulin resistance-colon cancer hypothesis, stating that insulin resistance may be associated with the development of colorectal cancer, represents a significant advance in colon cancer, as it emphasizes the potential for this cancer to become a modifiable disease. The fact that the incidence of insulin resistance has been increasing in the United States and much of the rest of the Western world where colon cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death makes the exploration of the interrelationship of these conditions a subject of high priority. Here, we review the salient features of insulin resistance, defined as impaired biological response to the action of insulin. Recent epidemiological studies, evaluating potential associations between colon cancer risk and diabetes mellitus, dietary intake and metabolic factors, and IGF levels in several clinical settings, provide strong support of the insulin resistance-colon cancer hypothesis (without establishing causality). Mechanistically, insulin resistance has been associated with hyperinsulinemia, increased levels of growth factors including IGF-1, and alterations in NF-kappaB and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling, which may promote colon cancer through their effects on colonocyte kinetics. It is a reasonable expectation that in the not too distant future, critical interventions to the already mapped molecular sequence of events, which link two apparently disparate entities, combined with lifestyle changes could abrogate the development of colon cancer.
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PMID:Insulin resistance and its contribution to colon carcinogenesis. 1267 Nov 84

Case-control studies of fatal cancers often rely on proxy respondents. Therefore, it is important to determine the completeness and accuracy of proxy-reported information. We evaluated proxy reports using the Ontario Familial Colon Cancer Registry epidemiology questionnaire. A proxy questionnaire was completed by spouses or relatives identified by a sample of participating cases. Item non-response and percentage agreement (between case and proxy reports) were assessed. More than 30% of proxies were unable to report on physical activity, gynecological surgery, alcohol intake, weight 20 years ago, and oral contraceptive use. Proxy reports of medical history and bowel screening varied, the percentage missing ranging from 5% for diabetes to 44% for familial polyposis in the case of medical history, and from 4% for colonoscopy to 27% for hemoccult tests in the case of screening. Agreement between case and proxy report was good to excellent for colonic screening, most medical history, and for reproductive, medication and vitamin use variables (74% to 100%). It is useful to collect proxy information on such variables as medical history, parity, colonic screening and vitamin use, whereas oral contraceptive use and previous weight are not well reported.
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PMID:Agreement between proxy- and case-reported information obtained using the self- administered Ontario Familial Colon Cancer Registry epidemiologic questionnaire. 1275 30

Insulin resistance is an important risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes as well as other chronic conditions, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and colon cancer. To find genes for insulin resistance it is necessary to assess insulin action in large populations. We have previously measured insulin action in a large cohort of subjects (Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis Study [IRAS] Family Study) using the minimal model approach. In this study, we compare sensitivity from the minimal model (insulin sensitivity index [S(I)]) with the measure of insulin resistance emanating from the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) approach. The former measure emerges from the glycemic response to endogenous and exogenous insulin; the latter is based solely on fasting measures of glucose and insulin. A total of 112 pedigrees were represented, including 1,362 individuals with full phenotypic assessment. Heritability of S(I) was significantly greater than that for HOMA (0.310 vs. 0.163) and for fasting insulin (0.171), adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and BMI. In addition, correlation between S(I) and either HOMA or fasting insulin was only approximately 50% accounted for by genetic factors, with the remainder accounted for by environment. Thus S(I), a direct measure of insulin sensitivity, is determined more by genetic factors rather than measures such as HOMA, which reflect fasting insulin.
Diabetes 2003 Aug
PMID:Minimal model-based insulin sensitivity has greater heritability and a different genetic basis than homeostasis model assessment or fasting insulin. 1288 37

This study examines the association between education and mortality from specific causes of death based on mortality records for 1996 and 1997, and 1996 population census data from the Region of Madrid (Spain). Poisson regression models were used to estimate the percentage increase in mortality associated with 1 year less education. The percentage increases in mortality from stomach cancer, lung, bladder and liver cancers, for aids, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia and influenza, and chronic liver disease and cirrhosis were higher in men than in women, whereas the percentage increases in mortality from colon cancer, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease and nephritis, nephrosis and nephrotic syndrome were higher in women. The results found for some causes of death--lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease--reflect the variations by educational level in the prevalence of lifestyle-related risk factors in men and women. Various hypotheses have been suggested for other causes of death, but it is not known why the magnitude of the association between education and mortality from some causes of death differs between men and women. Future studies of this subject may provide some clues as to the underlying mechanisms of this association.
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PMID:The size of educational differences in mortality from specific causes of death in men and women. 1288 84

Regular physical activity helps prevent obesity, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, colon cancer, and premature mortality. During 1986--2000, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) included questions that measured leisure-time physical activity (primarily exercise or sports-related activities). Previous guidelines for appropriate physical activity to increase cardiorespiratory fitness included participating in vigorous-intensity activity (i.e., > or =20 minutes per day, > or =3 days per week). BRFSS questions used to measure this level of activity were developed a decade before CDC and the American College of Sports Medicine concluded that health-related benefits could accrue from a minimum of 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity on most days of the week. Various household and transportation-related physical activities and some leisure-time activities, therefore, can be important to measure. In response to expanded activity recommendations designed to include health-related lifestyle activities, new BRFSS physical activity questions have been developed. After cognitive, validity, and reliability testing, the new lifestyle activity questions were used in the 2001 BRFSS. A separate question allowed tracking of physical inactivity during leisure time across years and was used in the 2000 and 2001 BRFSS questionnaires. This report presents data from responses to the 2000 BRFSS leisure-time activity questions and the updated lifestyle activity questions of the 2001 BRFSS to compare overall U.S. and state-specific prevalence estimates for adults who engaged in physical activities consistent with recommendations from both survey years. The findings indicate that even with a more complete measure of physical activity than used previously, the majority of U.S. adults are not physically active at levels that can promote health.
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PMID:Prevalence of physical activity, including lifestyle activities among adults--United States, 2000-2001. 1291 82

The levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHEA-S) peak in human in their twenties, then decrease gradually with age. The physiological importance of DHEA was not clear until recent research reports showing that DHEA has beneficial effects on preventing diabetes, malignancy, inflammation, osteoporosis, and collagen disease. We summarize our results concerning diabetes, hepatitis, and colon cancer. In 1982, Coleman et al. [Diabetes 31 (1982) 830] reported that DHEA decreased hyperglycemia in diabetic db/db mice, which become insulin resistant. We measured hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes in an attempt to elucidate the mechanical mechanism of DHEA action. The activity and gene expression of hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme such as glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) was increased in db/db mice despite hyperinsulinemia compared to control db/+m mice. DHEA, like troglitazone, decreased these levels in db/db mice. We also showed that DHEA improved the insulin resistance caused by aging or obesity using the glucose clamp technique in another animal model. In humans, the serum DHEA concentration was shown to be associated with hyperinsulinemia in diabetes. It also became clear that DHEA increased insulin secretion in old-aged db/db mice. DHEA increases not only insulin sensitivity due to the effects in the liver and muscle, but also insulin secretion. As an effect of DHEA on T-cell mediated hepatitis induced by concanavalin A (ConA), DHEA reduced hepatic injury by inhibiting several inflammatory mediators and apoptosis. As an effect of DHEA on carcinogenesis, DHEA would be a potential chemopreventative agent against colon cancer because it decreases the number of azoxymethane (AOM) induced aberrant crypt foci, which is a possible precursor to adenoma and cancer in a murine model.Thus, since DHEA has many beneficial effects experimentally, we should consider administration of DHEA in the future, and common mechanisms among these actions of DHEA should be elucidated in further studies.
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PMID:Prevention of diabetes, hepatic injury, and colon cancer with dehydroepiandrosterone. 1294 37

From 1996 to 2001, 48 Streptococcus bovis strains were isolated from blood cultures of 37 patients in one hospital. Median patient age was 68 years (range: 1 day-88 years). The male : female ratio was 23 : 14. Most patients (97 %) had underlying diseases, including biliary tract disease in 14 (38 %), diabetes mellitus in 12 (32 %), liver parenchymal disease in seven (19 %), carcinoma of the colon in four (11 %) and other malignancies in four (11 %). No infective foci (indicative of primary bacteraemia) were identified in 15 patients (40 %) and 14 (38 %) had acute cholangitis/cholecystitis, but only four (11 %) had infective endocarditis. Two (5 %), three (8 %) and 32 (87 %) patients had S. bovis of biotypes I, II/1 and II/2, respectively, and three (8 %), two (5 %) and 32 (87 %) patients had S. bovis of genotypes 1, 2a and 2b, respectively. All isolates were sensitive to penicillin, cephalothin and vancomycin, 24 (65 %) were resistant to erythromycin and 15 (41 %) were resistant to clindamycin (these strains were also resistant to erythromycin). Thirteen isolates that were erythromycin- and clindamycin-resistant possessed the ermB gene, 10 possessed the ermT gene and one possessed both the ermB and ermT genes. Overall, seven patients (19 %) died. In contrast to most other reports from western countries, where carcinoma of the colon and infective endocarditis were the major underlying disease and infective focus associated with S. bovis bacteraemia, biliary tract disease and acute cholangitis and/or cholecystitis were the major underlying diseases associated with S. bovis bacteraemia in our locality.
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PMID:Geographical difference of disease association in Streptococcus bovis bacteraemia. 1297 86

Chlor-Trimeton (chlorprophenpyridamine maleate) syrup was effective in preventing and controlling nausea and vomiting in 53 of 57 patients. In doses of one to four teaspoonfuls (2 to 8 mg.), it controlled nausea and vomiting following operative procedures, vomiting due to nonspecific causes, hyperemesis gravidarum, vomiting in altitude and radiation sickness, and vomiting in patients with carcinoma of the colon, acute pancreatitis, and poorly controlled diabetes. No untoward effects from the drug were noted. The syrup was easy to administer, rapidly absorbed, and apparently provided a local anesthetic effect on gastric mucosa.
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PMID:Control of nausea and vomiting; observations on the use of chlortrimeton (chlorprophenpyridamine maleate) syrup. 1342 12

The contribution of dietary trans fatty acids (TFAs) on the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) has recently gained further support due to the results from large, prospective, population-based studies. Compared to saturated fat, TFAs are, gram to gram, associated with a considerably (2.5- to >10-fold) higher risk increment for IHD. A negative effect on the human fetus and on newborns and an increase in colon cancer risk in adults are possible but, however, still equivocal. Recent findings justify further studies concerning the effect of TFAs on allergic diseases in children and on the risk of type-2 diabetes in adults. The intake of industrially produced TFAs in European countries is decreasing. However, determination of the TFA content in various popular food items collected in Danish shops showed that it is likely that persons with a frequent intake of, e.g., French fries, microwave oven popcorn, chocolate bars, fast food, etc., consume industrially produced TFAs in amounts far exceeding the average intake, and are thereby exposed to an unnecessary health risk. The Danish government has decided that oils and fats containing more than 2% industrially produced TFAs will not be sold in Denmark after the January 1, 2004.
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PMID:Influence of trans fatty acids on health. 1467 14

Glycaemic index is a measure of blood glucose increase two hours after intake of food containing 50 g of carbohydrate. The reference is measurements after intake of 50 g glucose or white bread containing 50 g carbohydrate, which is set to the value of 100. The glycaemic index was developed to help persons with diabetes improve their blood glucose control in order to avoid long-term complications. Apple can have an index of approximately 40, while a baguette has 95 and pumpernickel bread 41. Some observational studies suggest that a carbohydrate diet with low glycaemic index may reduce the risk of overweight, diabetes type 2 and colon cancer. There are at present few published controlled clinical trials supporting this conclusion. The food industry and some people working with weight reduction have shown interest in using the glycaemic index. The system may easily cause confusion and leave the impression that important and nutritious carbohydrate-containing foods should be avoided. The glycaemic index could be a tool for dieticians and physicians counselling persons with metabolic syndrome, overweight, diabetes type 1 or 2.
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PMID:[Glycaemic index]. 1471 13


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