Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Physical inactivity increases the risk for heart disease, diabetes, colon cancer, high blood pressure, obesity, osteoporosis, muscle and joint disorders, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, approximately one third of adults in the United States report no leisure-time physical activity, and rates of inactivity have been higher in January than in June. Among adults, the prevalence of leisure-time physical inactivity is highest among those who are older, Hispanic, and residing in southern states. A national health objective for the year 2000 is to reduce to < or = 15% the proportion of persons reporting no leisure-time physical activity (objecive 1.5). To assist in monitoring efforts to achieve this objective, CDC analyzed data from the 1994 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance system (BRFSS) and estimated for each month the proportion of adults from selected demographic groups who reported no leisure-time physical activity. The findings indicate seasonal patterns in the prevalence of reported leisure-time physical inactivity; however, monthly rates of inactivity were higher and more stable among older persons, Hispanics, and residents of southern states.
 ...
PMID:Monthly estimates of leisure-time physical inactivity--United States, 1994. 915 73

Liver transplantation is complicated by specific medical problems. Diabetes mellitus occurs in 4-20% of patients undergoing liver transplantation. Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis experience up to a 13% incidence of colon cancer after transplantation. Lymphomas occur in 1-3% of patients after transplantation and account for 57% of malignancies occurring in adult patients. Atraumatic bone fractures occur in 22-38% of patients and neurological complications, including seizures, headache, and neuropathy occur in 19-47% of patients following liver transplantation. Patients undergoing liver transplantation may experience recurrence of their primary liver disease: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, or primary sclerosing cholangitis. In patients not receiving immunoprophylaxis after transplantation for chronic hepatitis B, recurrent hepatitis B is seen in up to 90% of patients. This can be markedly reduced with hyperimmune globulin immunoprophylaxis. Recurrent hepatitis C is seen in the majority of patients; current treatment modalities are inadequate. Recurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis or primary sclerosing cholangitis in the allograft is infrequent. Autoimmune hepatitis may recur in up to 26% of patients following liver transplantation. Primary disease recurrence in the allograft and preventive strategies are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Medical problems occurring after orthotopic liver transplantation. 928 32

The concept of predictive medicine based on the detection of genetic markers for disease susceptibility stemmed from the finding that many diseases are associated with specific HLA alleles. This model suggested that similar associations probably existed with other genes located all along the human genome. The Human Specimen Study Center (HSSC) was created to assist in investigating this possibility and has contributed significantly to the knowledge contained in current genetic and physical human genome maps. Predictive medicine is intended not for patients but for healthy individuals, its goal being to determine whether their susceptibility to a specific disease is increased or not. Fetuses with evidence of disease are excluded from the province of predictive medicine, which can, however, determine whether a healthy fetus is at high risk for developing a disease in adolescence or adulthood. Predictive medicine is based on probabilities: it evaluates diseases susceptibility but cannot predict with 100% certainty that a specific disease will occur. Whereas many preventive interventions are directed at groups (e.g., immunization programs), predictive medicine is conducted on an individualized basis. For instance, glaucoma is a monogenic disease whose early detection can allow to prevent permanent loss of vision. The fruits of predictive medicine are expected to be greatest, however, in the polygenic multifactorial diseases that are prevalent in industrialized countries, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, myocardial infarction, hyperlipidemia, and arteriosclerosis. An ability to detect subjects who are susceptible to breast cancer would be extraordinarily useful, and may be a goal within reach since two breast cancer susceptibility genes have already been identified. Genes associated with increased susceptibility to colon cancer have also been reported. Predictive medicine raises a number of sensitive ethical issues. Individuals should be free to accept or decline disease susceptibility testing after having been fully informed. Confidentiality is vital. The results of susceptibility tests should not be made available to employers or insurance agencies. Susceptibility testing should be offered only if the disease requires a specific treatment or lifestyle modification. Unnecessary anxiety may be one of the main adverse effects of susceptibility testing. A large number of disease susceptibility or resistance genes will probably be identified in the near future, and this will inevitably have an impact on the way physicians approach their patients. Physicians in the XXIst century will spend an increasingly large proportion of their time counselling their patients on how to stay healthy. This trend can be expected to translate into a marked increase in life expectancy. Rather than seeking to add years to life, physicians will strive to add life to years.
 ...
PMID:[Predictive medicine and its ethics]. 929 63

Susceptibility to most common human diseases is, at least in part, determined by genetic factors. Rapid progress is being made in defining these genetic determinants for a range of diseases including breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, arthritis and dementia. The ability to define susceptibility in genetic terms has already led to a reclassification of some of these diseases on genetic and mechanistic grounds. This information is likely to have a profound effect on our approach to human diseases as it will allow a better definition of these disorders, permitting more effective therapeutic intervention, and will lead to both a more precise understanding of the natural history of these diseases and the possibility of identifying populations at risk. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease susceptibilty will also improve our ability to develop rational therapeutic interventions for many of these diseases. The role of genetic screening in these common diseases will be discussed, particularly in regard to the application of health care in populations.
 ...
PMID:Genetics of common disease: implications for therapy, screening and redefinition of disease. 930 70

The relationship between diabetes mellitus and the risk of colorectal cancer was investigated in a multicenter case-control study, conducted in Italy between 1992 and 1996 on 1225 cases of incident, histologically confirmed colon cancer, 728 cases of rectal cancer, and 4154 controls, who were in the hospital for acute, nonneoplastic diseases. Overall, 66 (5.4%) cases of colon cancer, 50 (6.9%) cases of rectal cancer, and 185 (4.4%) controls reported a history of diabetes. The corresponding multivariate odds ratios (ORs) were 1.2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8-1.6] for colon, 1.5 (95% CI, 1.1-2.2) for rectal, and 1.3 (95% CI, 1.0-1.6) for all colorectal cancers. No association was observed for subjects who were diagnosed with diabetes at ages of < 40 years (7 cases and 27 controls, OR = 0.9). The OR was 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.7) for subjects who were diagnosed with diabetes at ages of > or = 40 years and were likely to have non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The association was also stronger (OR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3) among subjects whose diabetes was diagnosed 10 or more years in advance and who were > or = 60 years old at the time of colorectal cancer diagnosis. None of the other covariates, including sex, education, body mass index, physical activity, energy intake, alcohol drinking, and fiber intake, showed any appreciable modifying effect. Thus, this uniquely large case-control study of colorectal cancer confirms that subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus have a slightly increased risk of colorectal cancer. More importantly, allowance for a large number of identified potential confounding factors, including body mass index, diet, and physical activity, could not explain the excess colorectal cancer risk among subjects with diabetes mellitus. These findings have plausible biological correlations because insulin-like-growth factor-I is a promoter of colon tumor cell growth in vitro.
 ...
PMID:Diabetes mellitus and colorectal cancer risk. 941 95

Few studies have examined the long-term effects of childhood obesity on adult disease. Nonetheless, obesity present in childhood or adolescence seems to increase the likelihood of adult morbidity and mortality. In men who were obese during adolescence, all-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular disease and colon cancer were increased. In both men and women obese during adolescence, rates of cardiovascular disease and diabetes were increased. Among women but not men obese during adolescence, obesity has a variety of adverse psychosocial consequences. These include completion of fewer years of education, higher rates of poverty, and lower rates of marriage and household income. These effects seem related both to the persistence of obesity and to the effects of childhood or adolescent obesity on the quantity and location of body fat deposition. Approximately 50% of obese adolescents with a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile become obese adults. Furthermore, the risk factors for adult disease that are associated with obesity in children and adolescents persist into adulthood or increase in prevalence if weight gain occurs. Although both total body fat and regional fat deposition could account for the association of childhood or adolescent obesity with adult disease, no studies to date have examined cardiovascular risk factors and related them to visceral fat, controlled for total body fat.
 ...
PMID:Childhood weight affects adult morbidity and mortality. 947 38

Since fiscal year 1991, the U.S. Human Genome Project has spent $170.6 million in federal funds to help isolate genes associated with Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2, myotonic dystrophy, and fragile X syndrome and to localize genes that predispose people to breast cancer, colon cancer, hypertension, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Now comes the hard part. Biology's 21st century megaproject starts to look relatively manageable compared to another challenge facing the enterprise: sorting out ethical, legal, and social issues associated with using this information. "The Human Genome Project," wrote Senior Editor Barbara Jasny in the October 1 Science editorial, stretches "the limits of the technology and the limits of our ability to ethically and rationally apply genetic information to our lives."
 ...
PMID:Ethical, legal, and social issues of the Human Genome Project: what to do with what we know. 971 68

Obesity is a known risk factor for a number of diseases with serious mortality and morbidity implications. Thus, obesity is an economic burden to communities, since it reduces quality of life and leads to premature mortality; in addition, healthcare resources are used to manage obesity-related disease. It was estimated that in 1989, management of disease due to obesity (defined as body mass index greater than 30) cost A$395 million. This estimate covers the healthcare costs for the management of obesity, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), gallstones, hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), breast cancer (among postmenopausal women), and colon cancer. As this estimate excludes the costs of some disease attributable to obesity, it is an underestimate of the true costs. Nonetheless, the estimated cost of the management of obesity-related conditions represents 86% of the healthcare costs used for the management of alcohol-related diseases in Australia. Healthcare costs attributable to obesity have not yet been estimated for countries elsewhere in Asia and the Pacific. However, it is acknowledged that obesity is a major problem in the Pacific, with exceptionally high prevalence rates and concomitant high rates of diseases for which obesity is a major risk factor, particularly NIDDM and CHD. It would, therefore, be useful to explore the cost of disease attributable to obesity in healthcare systems in these communities, and the potential for preventive programmes to reduce these costs.
 ...
PMID:The cost of obesity: the Australian perspective. 1014 49

In a population-based case-control study of pancreatic cancer conducted in three areas of the USA, 484 cases and 2099 controls were interviewed to evaluate the aetiologic role of several medical conditions/interventions, including diabetes mellitus, cholecystectomy, ulcer/gastrectomy and allergic states. We also evaluated risk associated with family history of cancer. Our findings support previous studies indicating that diabetes is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, as well as a possible complication of the tumour. A significant positive trend in risk with increasing years prior to diagnosis of pancreatic cancer was apparent (P-value for test of trend = 0.016), with diabetics diagnosed at least 10 years prior to diagnosis having a significant 50% increased risk. Those treated with insulin had risks similar to those not treated with insulin (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6 and 1.5 respectively), and no trend in risk was associated with increasing duration of insulin treatment. Cholecystectomy also appeared to be a risk factor, as well as a consequence of the malignancy. Subjects with a cholecystectomy at least 20 years prior to the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer experienced a 70% increased risk, which was marginally significant. In contrast, subjects with a history of duodenal or gastric ulcer had little or no elevated risk (OR = 1.2; confidence interval = 0.9-1.6). Those treated by gastrectomy had the same risk as those not receiving surgery, providing little support for the hypothesis that gastrectomy is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. A significant 40% reduced risk was associated with hay fever, a non-significant 50% decreased risk with allergies to animals, and a non-significant 40% reduced risk with allergies to dust/moulds. These associations, however, may be due to chance since no risk reductions were apparent for asthma or several other types of allergies. In addition, we observed significantly increased risks for subjects reporting a first-degree relative with cancers of the pancreas (OR = 3.2), colon (OR = 1.7) or ovary (OR = 5.3) and non-significantly increased risks for cancers of the endometrium (OR = 1.5) or breast (OR = 1.3). The pattern is consistent with the familial predisposition reported for pancreatic cancer and with the array of tumours associated with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer.
 ...
PMID:Diabetes mellitus, other medical conditions and familial history of cancer as risk factors for pancreatic cancer. 1046 6

Results associating diet with chronic disease in a cohort of 34192 California Seventh-day Adventists are summarized. Most Seventh-day Adventists do not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol, and there is a wide range of dietary exposures within the population. About 50% of those studied ate meat products <1 time/wk or not at all, and vegetarians consumed more tomatoes, legumes, nuts, and fruit, but less coffee, doughnuts, and eggs than did nonvegetarians. Multivariate analyses showed significant associations between beef consumption and fatal ischemic heart disease (IHD) in men [relative risk (RR) = 2.31 for subjects who ate beef > or =3 times/wk compared with vegetarians], significant protective associations between nut consumption and fatal and nonfatal IHD in both sexes (RR approximately 0.5 for subjects who ate nuts > or =5 times/wk compared with those who ate nuts <1 time/wk), and reduced risk of IHD in subjects preferring whole-grain to white bread. The lifetime risk of IHD was reduced by approximately 31% in those who consumed nuts frequently and by 37% in male vegetarians compared with nonvegetarians. Cancers of the colon and prostate were significantly more likely in nonvegetarians (RR of 1.88 and 1.54, respectively), and frequent beef consumers also had higher risk of bladder cancer. Intake of legumes was negatively associated with risk of colon cancer in nonvegetarians and risk of pancreatic cancer. Higher consumption of all fruit or dried fruit was associated with lower risks of lung, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. Cross-sectional data suggest vegetarian Seventh-day Adventists have lower risks of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and arthritis than nonvegetarians. Thus, among Seventh-day Adventists, vegetarians are healthier than nonvegetarians but this cannot be ascribed only to the absence of meat.
 ...
PMID:Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists. 1047 27


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>