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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine the association between the incidence of endometrial cancer and the use of estrogen in menopausal and post-menopausal women, we retrospectively compared 317 patients with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with an equal number of matched controls having other gynecologic neoplasms; 152 patients used estrogen, as compared to 54 of 317 controls. Thus, the risk of endometrial cancer was 4.5 times greater among women exposed to estrogen therapy. When estrogen use was adjusted for concomitant variables such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, parity, referral pattern, age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis and other gynecologic neoplasms, the magnitude of the increased relative risk was associated with several of these variables, and was highest in patients without obesity and hypertension. Exogenous estrogen therapy is associated with an increased risk of endometrial carcinoma, but this increased relative risk is less apparent in patients with physiologic characteristics previously associated with an increased risk.
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PMID:Association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma. 118 89

In a case-control-study an epidemiological investigation of cancer of the endometrium was carried out. 407 patients with cancer of the endometrium were compared with a control group of 450 women. The patients with endometrial cancer differed from the control group in the following manner: Significantly higher incidence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Overweight could not be printed out reliably, but there are so many corresponding statements in literature about a higher degree of overweight that there could be no doubt about it. Furthermore the patients with carcinoma of the uterine corpus had an earlier menarche, a later menopause, a smaller number of deliveries and more menstrual abnormalities. They were more exposed to radiation in the pelvis, the incidence of malignant tumors was higher in their families. So factors of high risk related to cancer of the endometrium could be defined.
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PMID:[Epidemiological aspects of corpus carcinoma]. 118 76

In 182 cases the jet wash technique proved very suitable in the detection of malignant changes in the endometrium. It should in no way replace the curettage as a diagnostic tool. The jet wash offers the possibility of a regular endometrial investigation to larger numbers of patients. Those to be considered in particular are 1. symptom-free women with an increased risk of carcinoma of the body of the uterus, i.e. women over 40 with obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, 2. patients with recurrent bleeding who have already had a curettage with negative histological results, 3. primary irradiated endometrial carcinoma patients in order to detect a recurrence early, 4. patients who pose a high anaesthetic risk. The exact detection reliability of the endometrial jet wash technique remains uncertain until results of larger investigation series are published. Good experience up to now with the jet wash technique should stimulate its wider use.
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PMID:[Cytological investigations of the endometrium using the jet wash technique (author's transl)]. 124 86

The side effects of using estrogen treatments to relieve menopausal symptoms in women are presented. Estrogens are effective in relieving headaches, vertigo, palpitations, and nervous symptoms such as depression, as well as degeneration and atrophy of the genital organs. In Norway, 2.5% of women over 45 as compared with 50% in the U.S. use estrogens to relieve menopausal symptoms. The incidence of endometrial cancer has risen from 9.2/100,000 in 1955 to 15.4 in 1974. Increased susceptibility to endometrial cancer has been linked to long-term use of estrogens, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and nulliparity. In American studies, Premarin has been associated with increased risk of cancer related to the chemical equilinine, which has a long half-life. After menopause, the need for estrogen is met by the conversion of androstenedione, which is produced by the adrenal gland. When estrogens are taken, it may result in an overstimulation of the endometrium, which could cause cancer. Estrogens have bene found useful and safe for short-term relief of menopausal symptoms, and any patient using estrogens should be under routine observation to prevent development of cancer.
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PMID:[From the Adverse Drug Reaction Committee. Can long-term estrogen treatment induce uterine neoplasms in post-climacteric women?]. 125 36

Research and development in contraception has only limited interest in women over 35 years old, so we know little about safety, side effects, and effectiveness of contraceptives in this age group. In addition, clinical trials use healthy women which further limits our knowledge about contraceptives in women who have cardiovascular problems, diabetes, and liver conditions. Research does indicate, however, that women with high blood pressure should not take oral contraceptives (OCs) after the age of 35. It also shows that healthy and nonobese women over 35 who do not smoke and have no family history of cardiovascular disease before age 45 can take OCs with 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol. Practitioners should provide these women with balanced and up-to-date information on the link between OCs and breast cancer and their apparent protective effect against endometrial cancer. The pregnancy rate for 35-39 year old married women using the diaphragm for at least 5 months stands at 1.1/100 women years. Contrary to popular belief, barrier methods can be harmful, e.g., urinary tract infections are more frequent in women who use the diaphragm than in those who do not. Women older than 35 should consider the condom because of its ability to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV or sexually transmitted diseases. Considerable research exists on women over 35 who use copper releasing IUDs. These IUDs are safe in women who do not have heavy menstrual bleeding. The levonorgestrel releasing IUDs are well tolerated in women over 35 since they reduce the amount and duration of menstrual bleeding. Besides users of these IUDs are less likely to have pelvic inflammatory disease and endometritis than those using copper releasing IUDs. Older women in developing countries often undergo hysterectomy for contraceptive purposes and because of heavy bleeding. Tubal ligation is a significant family planning method for older women in developing countries.
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PMID:Contraception after thirty-five. 131 37

The pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma, which is the most common malignant neoplasm of the female genital tract, is unknown. It is believed that a prolonged period of increased estrogenic exposure unopposed by progesterone may underlie the malignant transformation of the endometrial cells. In the following communication, we propose that deficient melatonin functions may be an additional endocrine factor implicated in the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma. This hypothesis is based on the observations that: (a) melatonin has antiestrogenic properties; (b) melatonin stimulates progesterone production which opposes the action of estrogens; (c) an increased rate of endometrial hyperplasia, a premalignant condition, has been noted during the winter, a time of year associated with diminished melatonin secretion; (d) an increased incidence of anovulatory cycles, which is a risk factor for endometrial carcinoma, occurs in the winter; (e) melatonin secretion decreases sharply during the menopause, a period associated with an increased risk of endometrial carcinoma; (f) obesity, which is a major risk factor for endometrial carcinoma, is associated with impaired circadian melatonin secretion; (g) diabetes mellitus, which is an additional risk factor for endometrial carcinoma, is associated with decreased melatonin secretion and an increased rate of pineal calcification; and (h) the prevalence of endometrial carcinoma is lower in the black population compared to the white population. Similarly, the incidence of pineal calcification, which reflects the secretory activity of the gland, is significantly lower in the African and American black populations as compared to the white population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Is the pineal gland involved in the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma. 134 18

Fifty three patients with endometrial carcinoma received radiotherapy from 1986 to 1987, at the Hospital de Oncologia Centro Medico Nacional. Radiotherapy was given preoperatively in five patients, postoperatively in thirty nine patients, and radical in nine cases. Obesity, Hypertension and Diabetes were present in 60%. The patients have been in control from 3 to 44 months, with average of 18 months. Diagnosis was realized for genital bleeding 45/53 (85%), and increased uterine size 6/53 (11%). There were stage I 24/53 (45%), stage II 13/53 (24%) patients. Non classified eight cases, five of them were without tumoral activity at initial valoration, and three had tumor present. We analyzed stage treatment utilized, correlated with morbidity, tumoral response, free survival. We concluded that staging surgery is effective to chose the type of treatment.
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PMID:[Radiotherapy of cancer of the endometrium. Analysis of 53 cases]. 139 1

The effectiveness of monophasic and multiphasic oral contraceptives (OCs) depends on their ability to suppress ovulation, change endometrial growth and ovum receptivity, and reduce cervical mucus receptivity to sperm. They are all more than 99% effective, but, depending on the type and dose of hormone components, they have different side effects. The estrogen component (ethinyl estradiol) of most new OCs is between 30 and 35 mcg, which reduces the risk of estrogen side effects, especially thromboembolism and hypertension. The Food and Drug Administration does not recommend use of an OC with an estrogen component for lactating mothers, while the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the American Academy of Pediatrics believe it is fine. Estrogen may protect against coronary artery disease, yet the estrogen component of today's OCs is so low that the progestin component may cancels this beneficial effect. It also prevents breakthrough bleeding. The most frequently used progestins in OCs are norethindrone and norgestrel. They prevent ovum implantation, sperm penetration through the cervical mucus, and ovulation. Progestins, especially norgestrel, increase the risk of coronary artery disease. Other side effects include acne and weight gain. Progestin benefits are reduced menstrual blood loss, pain during menstruation, premenstrual tension, and endometrial cancer risk. The ideal estrogen-progestin balance depends on the individual, but the estrogen component should be between 30 and 35 mcg, and the progestin component should be the lowest possible dose to reduce metabolic side effects. If an OC user with a well stabilized cycle who takes another recently prescribed drug experiences unexpected breakthrough bleeding or spotting, this change may indicate a drug interaction. Absolute and/or possible contraindications of OC use are smoking after age 35, history of breast or endometrial cancer, liver disease or impaired liver function, cardiovascular risk factors, and diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Benefits and risks of oral contraceptive use. 143 13

Vaginal sonography was used as a prebioptic examination for screening of endometrial carcinoma in postmenopausal women in a risk group (diabetes, hypertension, obesity) without a history of haemorrhage. The examination was made in 104 women. In 23 patients the ultrasonic finding was suspect and subsequent abrasion revealed in three instances carcinoma of the endometrium (2.88%). The authors consider vaginal sonography as important prebioptic method of endometrial cancer in the risk group of women after the menopause.
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PMID:[Results of transvaginal ultrasound screening for endometrial carcinoma in women at risk after menopause]. 150 35

Patients with dysgenetic gonads and Turner syndrome are unlikely to develop endometrial carcinoma unless they have received unopposed estrogen replacement therapy. This case describes a 54-year-old woman with Turner syndrome and primary amenorrhea who developed adenocarcinoma of the endometrium without having received hormone replacement. Vaginal bleeding, a pelvic mass, and sepsis were the presenting symptoms. The patient also had diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism. Polyglandular endocrine patterns are known to occur with a high frequency in these patients. The woman's chromosome studies revealed a modified 46,X,i(Xq) (isochromosome X). This is the first report of an isochromosome X patient to develop endometrial cancer without receiving estrogen replacement. The etiology of this rare case may be an increased propensity for patients with X-chromosome deletions to develop neoplasms in general, or extragonadal estrogen production.
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PMID:Endometrial adenocarcinoma without prior hormone replacement in a diabetic patient with gonadal dysgenesis. 156 85


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