Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pancreata of normoglycemic diabetes-prone (dp) and diabetes-resistant (dr) BB rats and normal Wistar rats were screened for macrophage infiltration by immunohistochemistry and by electron microscopy. Inflammatory macrophages were found in the endocrine as well as the exocrine part of the pancreata from dp BB rats. In the exocrine tissue they had a different phenotype (ED1+, ED2+, W3/25+, Ox17+) from that found in pancreata from dr BB and Wistar rats (predominantly ED1-, ED2+, W3/25+, Ox17-). The number of macrophages in exocrine portions of pancreata from the various rat strains were not different. By electron microscopy scattered macrophage-associated tissue lesions and phagocytosis of cell debris were found throughout the exocrine tissue and in islets of dp BB rats. Such lesions were low or absent in biopsies of animals that later did not develop diabetes. We conclude that macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity during the early phases of diabetes development in BB rats is not restricted to islets, but is a generalized, pan-pancreatic event.
Pancreas 1992
PMID:Diabetes manifestation in BB rats is preceded by pan-pancreatic presence of activated inflammatory macrophages. 151 5

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes was obtained in rabbits following pancreatic duct ligation. The insulin responses to D-glucose and to L-arginine were studied in the isolated perfused pancreas of control, prediabetic, and diabetic rabbits. In controls, D-glucose or L-arginine caused biphasic insulin release that was qualitatively and quantitatively altered in both prediabetic and diabetic animals. Most secretagogues influence the islet response to other secretagogues by modifying the B-cell memory. In perfused control pancreas, the priming effect of D-glucose resulted in a time-dependent potentiation (TDP) of insulin release during subsequent L-arginine stimulus, whereas L-arginine induced a time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of insulin release during subsequent D-glucose stimulus. As compared with the controls, the TDP effect obtained was emphasized in prediabetic and strongly diminished in diabetic animals. In some prediabetic and diabetic cases, the TDI remained unchanged compared with the controls, and in others it diminished in prediabetic and disappeared in diabetic animals where the effect became one of TDP. The effects of TDP and TDI seem to evolve independently of the modifications of the responsiveness to B-cell secretagogues.
Pancreas 1992
PMID:Responsiveness and memory of the pancreatic B-cells to the insulin secretagogues D-glucose and L-arginine in prediabetic and diabetic rabbits. 151 6

Pancreas transplantation is the only currently available potential cure for type I diabetes. Because of the complications of the procedure and the toxicity of immunosuppression, patients must be carefully selected. The procedure can be justified in patients who already require immunosuppression for a renal allograft. The benefits of improved quality of life and protection from the development of nephropathy in the kidney allograft are significant. Pancreas transplantation alone is harder to justify; the risks of immunosuppression would seem to outweigh the known benefits of normalization of blood glucose. Before pancreas transplantation gains wide acceptance, the graft survival rates must improve. Currently, pancreas graft survival rates are greater than 80% at 1 year, but less than 50% 5 years after the transplantation. Improvement in these rates may occur with the development of more effective and less toxic immunosuppressive agents. Continued improvement in surgical technique should also contribute to overall pancreas transplantation success. Until then, however, pancreas transplantation should be viewed as a therapy for only selected patients in whom the benefits clearly outweigh the risks.
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PMID:Patient selection for pancreas transplantation. 151 38

The frequency of diabetes is much higher in tropical calcific pancreatitis (TCP) as compared with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. We report 97 patients with tropical calcific pancreatitis and compare the profile of 21 patients without diabetes (called TCP for the purpose of this report) with that of 76 patients with diabetes, called fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (FCPD) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) study group classification of diabetes. TCP patients were a decade younger and had marginally higher body mass indices (BMIs) as compared with the FCPD group. Of the TCP patients, 13 had abnormal glucose tolerance tests (GTT) and the others had normal GTT. Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) responses to glucose load in the TCP group did not differ significantly from that of the control group. This study shows the existence of early stages of glucose intolerance in TCP.
Pancreas 1992
PMID:Clinical and biochemical studies in the prediabetic phase of tropical calcific pancreatitis. 155 37

To clarify whether elemental changes are present before the onset of diabetes, freeze-dried pancreas sections from young (18-19 days old), genetically prediabetic Chinese hamsters were subjected to proton bombardment and the concentrations of 15 elements (Na, Mg, Al, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Cd, and Pb) in B cells and exocrine pancreas were calculated from the x-rays emitted. We have previously shown that islet B cells and exocrine pancreas from adult, overtly diabetic Chinese hamsters contain subnormal levels of Al (-61%, -88%) and excess levels of Cu (+92%, +59%), Rb (+13%, +13%), and Mg (+6%, +6%) in B cells and exocrine pancreas, respectively (Juntti-Berggren et al., Biosci Rep 1976;7:33-41). In the present study the prediabetic B cells contained normal levels of all 15 elements, whereas the prediabetic exocrine pancreas contained a subnormal level of Fe (-10%; p less than 0.005). Hence, the development of diabetes in the Chinese hamster does not seem to be associated with an early change in the elemental composition of the pancreatic B cells. In fact, the overt diabetic condition may cause changes in the body's handling of some elements.
Pancreas 1992
PMID:Elemental composition in the pancreatic B cell is normal in the prediabetic Chinese hamster. 155 38

In a comparative study of tropical chronic pancreatitis (TCP) and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis (ACP) occurring in the same population, we analyzed the clinical profile of 50 patients of ACP seen over the past 3 years at our centers and compared this with the profile of our TCP patients. A majority (75%) of patients in both groups belonged to Tamil Nadu and 90% had never consumed cassava. Whereas TCP occurred in young subjects of both sexes, ACP patients were all males and presented at an older age. The frequency of pain, diabetes, and pancreatic calcification was similar in the two groups. Patients in both groups were lean, but signs of severe malnutrition were rare. Prediabetic patients had normal body mass index. There were striking differences in radiological appearance of pancreatic calculi in TCP and ACP. Malignancy of the pancreas was present in three patients with TCP. Benign bile duct stenosis was seen in three patients with ACP but not in TCP. Compared to ACP seen in the West, our ACP patients had a shorter duration of symptoms in spite of having advanced disease. TCP and ACP have distinct clinical profiles and it is possible that some environmental factors may hasten the progress of ACP in the tropics.
Pancreas 1992
PMID:Comparative study of the clinical profiles of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis and tropical chronic pancreatitis in Tamil Nadu, south India. 155 46

Pancreas transplantation, when successful, is the only reproducibly effective method to normalize glycemia without the use of exogenous insulin treatment in patients with diabetes mellitus. Worldwide success rates for combined pancreas and kidney transplantation are approximately 70%, and patient survival rates are approximately 90% one year postoperatively, although certain institutions have higher rates. Benefits of this procedure include normalization of fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1C, glucose-induced insulin secretion, and intravenous glucose tolerance. Improvements are observed in glucose recovery following insulin-induced insulin hypoglycemia, glucagon secretion during hypoglycemia, kidney structure, and both motor and sensory nerve function. However, no benefits are accrued in pancreatic polypeptide secretion, kidney function, and the retinal pathology of diabetes mellitus. Further progress in these therapeutic results must await improvements in drugs for induction of immunosuppression, methods to induce immune tolerance, or provision of the operative procedure to patients less compromised preoperatively with secondary complications of diabetes.
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PMID:Pancreas transplantation as therapy for diabetes mellitus. 158 May 98

Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) has been recently identified as the principal constituent of amyloid deposits in pancreatic islets of patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and causes insulin resistance in some target cells. In addition, glucose-induced insulin secretion is inhibited by IAPP. We studied the effect of IAPP on proinsulin biosynthesis in rat insulinoma (RINr) cells. Glucose at concentrations of 0, 15, 30, 60, 100, and 300 mg/dl stimulated proinsulin biosynthesis in a dose-responsive and and actino-mycin D-inhibitable manner after 6 h of incubation. At a glucose concentration of 300 mg/dl, IAPP decreased the mean responses of proinsulin biosynthesis to 61.2 and 29% at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 microM, respectively, compared with the IAPP-free control. In conclusion, IAPP inhibits glucose-induced proinsulin biosynthesis in RINr cells. IAPP might play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pancreas 1992
PMID:Inhibitory effect of islet amyloid polypeptide of glucose-induced proinsulin biosynthesis in rat insulinoma cells. 164 90

Pancreas-specific protein (PASP) was compared with serum amylase in 95 episodes of acute pancreatitis with the diagnoses supported by elevated amylase levels. The etiology was typical for Scandinavian countries, with alcohol as the predominant factor, followed by cholelithiasis. PASP values were clearly raised in all patients, except in three cases found to have high salivary-type amylase levels, and one patient with recurrent alcohol pancreatitis. The rise of PASP levels were in general more pronounced than the corresponding amylase elevations, especially in severe pancreatitis. The elevations were generally parallel for the two analytes, but in 41% of the cases PASP levels remained elevated 2-11 days longer than the corresponding amylase levels. PASP was, however, eliminated from the circulation at a rate comparable to that of amylase. The serum range of PASP for 259 healthy subjects was 15-111 micrograms/L with 95% of the values within 16-98 micrograms/L. The upper reference level was set at 100 micrograms/L. PASP levels were also determined for 291 patients with disorders other than acute pancreatitis. Serum levels in patients with renal insufficiency (n = 12), primary biliary cirrhosis (n = 9), and diabetes mellitus (n = 17) were equal to those in healthy subjects. Eight patients of 173 with acute abdominal disorders and no evidence of pancreatitis had elevated PASP levels as well as 4 patients with prostatic carcinoma (n = 28) and 2 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 16). PASP values were low in chronic painful pancreatitis (n = 15) and pancreatic cancer (n = 11).
Pancreas 1990
PMID:A novel assay for pancreatic cellular damage: IV. Serum concentrations of pancreas-specific protein (PASP) in acute pancreatitis and other abdominal diseases. 168 89

We attempted to examine the immunopathological change of the pancreatic islets of newly diagnosed Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients and thereby to obtain useful information for the therapy of the patients. For this purpose, pancreas biopsy under laparoscopy was performed 2-4 months after the onset of Type 1 diabetes in seven newly diagnosed patients. All biopsies were performed safely without any complications. Immunohistochemical examination of the biopsy specimens revealed a marked decrease of insulin-containing cells, preservation of glucagon-containing cells, and various degrees of expression of MHC class I and class II antigens in islet cells and in endothelial cells within and around the islets. Signs of active autoimmune phenomena, e.g. lymphocytic infiltration or immunoglobulin deposition in islets, were not detected in any of these patients by light microscopical evaluation. We conclude that pancreas biopsy under laparoscopy has shown various immunological changes in the islets of newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetic patients. Pancreas biopsy, however, may not be suitable under the present protocol for the selection of patients for immunotherapy because of problems including sampling errors.
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PMID:Examination of islets in the pancreas biopsy specimens from newly diagnosed type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. 169 24


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