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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chromium (III) has recently been shown to be an essential trace mineral in rats, being required for normal function of insulin in controlling glucose metabolism. Chromium is transported in the body bound to transferrin, where it binds competitively with iron. Hemochromatosis is an iron storage disease in humans characterized by highly saturated transferrin levels and sometimes by diabetes. We postulated that the diabetes may be due to exclusion of chromium by iron at metabolic binding sites. 51Cr(III) was administered i.v. to 5 normal males, 6 patients with hemochromatosis prior to therapeutic removal of iron, and 5 patients with varying levels of iron loading. The retention of 51Cr was measured with a whole-body counter for 8 mo and blood levels were measured for 40--80 days. Analysis of the whole-body retention curves revealed 3 exponential components with T1/2s of .56 days, 12.7 days, and 192 days; the blood curves had 4 components with T1/2s of 13 min; 6.3 hr, 1.9 days, and 8.3 days. The T1/2s were not significantly different between the normals and patients. The coefficients of these components however, were significantly lower for the long T1/2 components in the iron-loaded patients, demonstrating reduced retention of 51Cr as postulated. Whether this reduced retention of chromium is causally related to diabetes in hemochromatosis and whether abnormal chromium metabolism is involved in endogenous diabetes, thus, becomes an important question for future study.
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PMID:Reduced chromium retention in patients with hemochromatosis, a possible basis of hemochromatotic diabetes. 10 24

The effect of clofibrate (1.5 g/day) on different plasma proteins and on components of the hemostatic system was studied in eight men with either mild diabetes mellitus or cardiosclerosis. Before treatment, the subjects were investigated weekly on five occasions. The means of these determinations were compared with the values observed after 2, 6 and 14 weeks of treatment. During the treatment albumin and transferrin increased significantly while orosomucoid, ceruloplasmin, beta1 E-globulin, IgA, IgM and fibrinogen decreased significantly. The decreases of the last proteins in per cent were found to be associated with each other in single subjects, i.e. a subject who reacted with a certain degree of change in one protein tended to react in a similar way with regard to the other proteins. A correlation was observed between the concentration before the treatment and the decrease in concentration during the treatment for ceruloplasmin, IgG, IgA, IgM and fibrinogen. The fibrinolytic activity increased significantly. Plasminogen decreased after 6 weeks and increased after 14 weeks of treatment. Platelet adhesiveness was not influenced.
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PMID:Effect of clofibrate on plasma proteins including components of the hemostatic mechanism. 13 Oct 8

A 71-year-old woman showed a highly unusual pattern of iron distribution in the organism which was associated with iron overload. The hallmark of this disease was an extreme hypersiderinemia, the serum iron reaching about 800 mug/100 ml. There was a pigment cirrhosis of the liver, bronzed skin containing hemosiderin, and diabetes mellitus. Paradoxically, hemosiderin was not detectable in bone marrow macrophages, sideroblasts and erythrocytes were reduced, and there was a decrease in radioiron utilization of erythropoiesis, thus indicating insufficient iron supply. The pathogenesis of this disorder based on the formation of an autoantibody with specificity for transferrin thus producing a circulating immune complex which bound the majority of serum iron. Immunosuppression achieved a partial remission including a recovery of the patient's general state, a rise in free transferrin, a decrease in serum iron, disappearance of hemosiderin in the liver, and a rise in erythrocyte production.
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PMID:Transferrin-immune complex disease. 13 71

We studied 12 members of a family with precirrhotic hemochromatosis to define the physiologic abnormalities in the asymptomatic phase of the disease. Six of 12 had increased iron stores; the mode of inheritance was consistent with an autosomal dominant trait. Serum ferritin levels were no more predictive of tissue iron levels than measurements of serum iron, transferrin saturation or chelatable iron excretion. In three affected family members intestinal iron content was normal. Liver proline hydroxylase activity and urinary hydroxyproline excretion did not correlate with tissue iron content, suggesting that, in addition to the possible role of tissue iron, hepatic fibrosis may involve other factors. "Borderline diabetes mellitus" was present in three affected family members, but extensive studies revealed that pituitary dysfunction is uncommon in early hemochromatosis. Increased levels of liver iron proved to be the most reliable marker for the disease.
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PMID:Familial hemochromatosis. Physiologic studies in the precirrhotic stage of the disease. 19 51

Renal biopsies obtained from 22 patients with diabetes (8 women, mean age 38.5 years; 14 men, mean age 27.3 years)--including patients with potential, latent, short-term, and long-term diabetes--were examined by light microscopy as well as by immunofluorescence microscopy. Histologically, segmental and focal proliferation of mesangial cells as well as a mesangial broadening and an increase of substance deposited in the mesangium was found. These findings well documented by cell counting an differentiation are described in detail elsewhere (see Sorger et al. 1976 Immunhistochemically, we detected most frequently IgA (9/17) and IgG(9/17), usually in a linear or mesangial pattern, less frequently IgM (1/17). We failed to detect beta 1C and IgE in the glomerulus. Labeled insulin was demonstrated 5 times. Out of the plasmaproteins albumin, fibrinogen, transferrin, and beta-lipoproteid only albumin was perceptable. We consider the deposition of immunglogulins and serum-proteins in the glomerular filter to be an unspecific stimulation of proliferation of the mesangial cells being caused by overfunction and obviously produce an excess of the mesangial matrix.
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PMID:[Immunohistochemical findings in renal biopsies performed on diabetics (author's transl)]. 33 12

A literature review of the effect of oral contraceptive (o.c.) use on various metabolic processes is presented. Several studies show an adverse effect of o.c. use on subclinical diabetes and on patients with manifest insulin-independent diabetes. Some researchers have found a beneficial effect of o.c. use on older diabetics. It has not been determined whether the estrogen or gestagen component of o.c.s is responsible for this decrease in glucose tolerance, nor has the mechanism for this effect been discovered. Changes in various plasma protein concentrations have been observed during o.c. use, which affect the blood coagulation and the blood pressure regulation systems. The estrogen component appears to be responsible for the increase in the serum triglyceride concentration during o.c. use; the mechanism is still unknown. Some studies indicate that o.c. use causes an increase in serum cholesterol levels, which could promote gall stone formation. An increase in Vitamin A concentration has been observed during o.c. use. Riboflavin, folic acid, vitamin B 12, and ascorbic acid levels have been shown to decrease during o.c. use. A decrease in pyridoxin levels during o.c. use indicates an increased metabolism of tryptophan to nicotinic acid robosyl-5-phosphate. This would cause a decrease in serotonin production, which could be a cause of the depression experienced by some o.c. users. An increase in the plasma copper and caeruloplasmin levels during o.c. use is apparently due to the estrogen component. An increase in transferrin and the serum iron levels have been observed during o.c. use. Contradictory findings are reported concerning the plasma concentration of zinc.
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PMID:[Metabolic studies under administration of oral contraceptives. A review]. 34 1

Circular dichroism was applied to the study of the structure of the insulin-transferrin complexes ("bound insulin") isolated from the blood sera of donors and patients suffering from diabetes mellitus of moderate severity. There proved to be a considerable (in comparison with the normal) reduction of the alpha-helix areas in the "bound insulin"molecule of the patients. A comparative study of the circular dichroism spectra in the area of absorption of aromatic amino acids permitted to suppose that the structural changes of the molecule of a complex isolated from the blood sera of patients could not be explained by alterations in the area of the aromatic amino acids.
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PMID:[Study of "bound insulin" of the blood sera of blood/donors and patients with diabetes mellitus by circular dichroism]. 67 34

Idiopathic hemochromatosis (iH) is typically a disease of older males. The case presented here describes a 26-yr-old woman with problems presenting heart failure, insulin-dependent diabetes, hepatomegaly, and secondary amenorrhea. The diagnosis was established by serum iron and transferrin saturation measurements, liver biopsy, and bone marrow examination for iron. Twenty grams of iron were removed by phlebotomy over 30 mo, and the patient's symptoms improved. A review of the literature pertinent to people with symptomatic onset of IH before age 30 yr revealed 52 young people in addition to this case. In contrast to IH patients older than 30, there was an almost equal ratio between the sexes, a greater frequency of cardiomyopathy and hypogonadism, and a lower frequency of diabetes mellitus and hepatic involvement. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance appears to be most likely in this young group.
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PMID:Idiopathic hemochromatosis in a young female. A case study and review of the syndrome in young people. 75 39

The use of EN in diabetics is problematic due to the rapid absorption of the nutrients and difficulties in controlling glycemia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical tolerance and effects of a special diet for patients unable to tolerate glucose on glycemia and insulin requirements, containing 50% of its caloric intake in the form of fats (mainly monounsaturated fatty acids) and a high fibre content. This diet was used on a group of Intensive Care patients with stress diabetes, comparing it to a high protein diet in terms of Nitrogen Balance and evolution of circulating proteins. 35 patients admitted to Intensive Care with traumas or sepsis were studied. The patients received EN for a period of 14 days. They were divided into two groups at random. Group A received a high protein diet and Group B the special diet for patients with intolerance to glucose. In Group A, the levels of glycemia and insulin requirements were significantly higher than those of Group B. There were no significant differences in albumin, transferrin, prealbumin and RBP levels in both groups. Cholesterol levels remained normal, although on day 14 they were higher in Group B patients. Group A patients had higher triglyceride levels. The nitrogen balance was only higher on days 6 and 7 in Group A patients, with and accumulated Balance for the 14 days of 11.54 +/- 3.5 g. In Group A compared to 6.24 +/- 2.63 g. in Group B. Clinical tolerance to the diet was satisfactory, with the usual problems in critical patients.
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PMID:[Experience with an enteral diet with fiber and a high fat content in ICU patients with glucose intolerance]. 132 77

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described for determining a renal permselectivity profile involving the urinary proteins albumin, transferrin, IgG, and alpha 1-microglobulin (alpha 1-m). The ELISA reader uses a computer-controlled array of multiplexed light-emitting diode (LED)-photodiode pairs for rapid measurements of absorbance on microplates. A 3,3'-dimethylnaphthidine reagent adapts the 3,5,3',5'-tetramethylbenzidine chromophore to monochromatic LED emission at 550 nm. We applied this ELISA to the determination of renal permselectivity in healthy children and young adults and in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The geometric means (and SD) of protein excretion rates in a group of 85 normal subjects were as follows: albumin, 3.5 micrograms/min (1.83); transferrin, 173 ng/min (2.76); IgG, 1.11 micrograms/min (2.22), and alpha 1-m, 0.98 microgram/min (2.36).
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PMID:Profile of renal permselectivity by simultaneous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of albumin, transferrin, IgG, and alpha 1-microglobulin with a new microplate reader. 137 89


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