Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The most common cause of death in hypertensive patients is myocardial infarction (MI), being three times more common than stroke. Lowering raised BP results in 40% fewer strokes, but only 14% fewer MIs. This may be because other coronary risk factors that often accompany hypertension (e.g. obesity, lipid and thrombotic disturbances, insulin insensitivity, increased plasma renin activity and increased sympathetic activity) are either unaffected or exacerbated by some of the traditional antihypertensive agents. Some of these risk factors show a diurnal rhythm peaking at 07.00-10.00 hours, thus this time constitutes a 'vulnerable period' for sudden death or death from MI. beta-blockers and diuretics have been effective in preventing stroke, but diuretics (at least potassium-losing diuretics) might actually increase the incidence of sudden death and MI in young to middle-aged hypertensive subjects (though elderly patients may benefit). Quality of life can be impaired by some beta-blockers, and diuretics can cause metabolic upset and male impotence. Thus, antihypertensive agents that are not only effective and well tolerated but are beneficial to the broader coronary risk profile are desirable. ACE inhibitors should prove particularly useful in terms of: good quality of life; non-exacerbation or improvement of coronary risk factors; treating patients with impaired left ventricular function; reversing left ventricular hypertrophy and vascular wall hypertrophy, thus improving coronary flow reserve; atheroma regression; renal protection, particularly in diabetes; and prevention or regression of LV dilatation (remodelling) following MI.
 ...
PMID:What does the future hold for ACE inhibitors? 179 18

In practice, some of the major problems for the physician who treats hypertension are patients who are resistant to treatment or who have other complicating risk syndromes. Therefore the overall efficacy of an antihypertensive agent must include an assessment of effect in patients with serious ancillary problems. In this article, doxazosin is reviewed for its efficacy in the treatment of severe essential hypertension and specific complications or conditions of mild or moderate essential hypertension, namely, left ventricular hypertrophy, hyperlipidemia, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, pheochromocytoma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease, and smoking. Doxazosin is particularly efficacious in many specific subgroups of patients with hypertension, and the results of relevant studies are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Efficacy of doxazosin in specific hypertensive patient groups. 182 52

We analyzed the serum concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins and the prevalence of other risk factors in a case-control study of 304 consecutive Chinese patients with acute stroke (classified as cerebral infarction, lacunar infarction, or intracerebral hemorrhage) and 304 age- and sex-matched controls. For all strokes we identified the following risk factors: a history of ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, or hypertension; the presence of atrial fibrillation or left ventricular hypertrophy; a glycosylated hemoglobin A1 concentration of greater than 9.1%; a fasting plasma glucose concentration 3 months after stroke of greater than 6.0 mmol/l; a serum triglyceride concentration 3 months after stroke of greater than 2.1 mmol/l; and a serum lipoprotein(a) concentration of greater than 29.2 mg/dl. We found the following protective factors: a serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration of greater than 1.59 mmol/l and a serum apolipoprotein A-I concentration of greater than or equal to 106 mg/dl. The patterns of risk factors differed among the three stroke subtypes. When significant risk factors were entered into a multiple logistic regression model, we found a history of hypertension, a high serum lipoprotein(a) concentration, and a low apolipoprotein A-I concentration to be independent risk factors for all strokes. The attributable risk for hypertension was estimated to be 24% in patients aged greater than or equal to 60 years. In this population, in which cerebrovascular diseases are the third commonest cause of mortality, identification of risk factors will allow further studies in risk factor modification for the prevention of stroke.
 ...
PMID:Hypertension, lipoprotein(a), and apolipoprotein A-I as risk factors for stroke in the Chinese. 192 51

Coronary risk factors were determined in a prospective study of 1,414 elderly persons (999 women and 415 men), mean age 82 +/- 8 years. Of 1,414 persons, 215 (15%) were black and 1,140 (81%) were white. The prevalences of cigarette smoking, hypercholesterolemia, low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased serum total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio were not significantly different in elderly blacks and whites. Elderly blacks had a higher prevalence of hypertension (50% versus 36%, P less than 0.001), diabetes mellitus (27% versus 19%, P less than 0.01), and obesity (11% versus 5%, P less than 0.005) and a lower prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia (9% versus 15%, P less than 0.05) than elderly whites. In elderly persons with hypertension, electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy occurred in 19% of blacks and 14% of whites (P not significant), echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy occurred in 72% of blacks and 56% of whites (P less than 0.01), and concentric left ventricular hypertrophy occurred in 60% of blacks and 39% of whites (P less than 0.001).
 ...
PMID:Prevalence of coronary risk factors in elderly blacks and whites. 182 74

The frequent association of sleep apnea syndrome and essential hypertension led to think of sleep apnea as an etiology of hypertension, especially as a good correlation has been found between the severity of both diseases. Moreover, treating the apnea syndrome results in a decrease of blood pressure. The aim of our study is to depict the outlines of a severe hypertensive individual with sleep apnea by comparing 9 men primarily referred to the hypertension clinic with refractory hypertension and finally found to have sleep apnea (study group) to 23 men whose diagnosis of sleep apnea was made in the pulmonary unit (controls). Fifteen of these were hypertensives. Mean age of the study group was 47 +/- 7 years vs 60 +/- 11. Controls were less overweighted: BMI = 33 +/- 6 kg/m3 vs 39 +/- 5. Mean blood pressure was 171 +/- 16/107 +/- 4 mmHg in the study group vs 157 +/- 19/92 +/- 12 mmHg in controls. Prevalence of glucose metabolism disorders was significantly greater in the study group: 6 patients with maturity onset diabetes and 3 with proven glucose intolerance, vs respectively 4 and 6 controls. Triglycerides were elevated in both groups whereas mean cholesterol was slightly above normal values. Six patients of the study group could have an echocardiogram which showed left ventricular hypertrophy (mean left ventricular mass index = 206 +/- 31 g/m2 after the Penn convention).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Should arterial hypertension in sleep apnea syndrome be stressed?]. 183 55

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease. Risk increases with the severity of hypertension, irrespective of age or sex. However, the absolute risk is greatest in the elderly, for whom isolated systolic hypertension is particularly important. Hypertension is often accompanied by other risk factors. For example, the levels of cholesterol and high- and low-density lipoproteins are important. Diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular disease at any level of blood pressure. Smoking increases the risk from hypertension and stopping smoking can dramatically reduce risk. A raised heart rate increases the risk of coronary events in both hypertensive and normotensive patients. However, heart rates tend to be higher in hypertensive patients. Left ventricular hypertrophy combined with hypertension increases the risk of coronary heart disease. An elevated level of fibrinogen increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in both hypertensive and normotensive patients, though the risk is greater at higher blood pressures. Cardiovascular risk profiles have been constructed to identify patients at high risk.
 ...
PMID:Office assessment of coronary candidates and risk factor insights from the Framingham study. 183 69

Considerable evidence suggests that hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system is implicated not only in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension but also in several blood pressure-independent complications of essential hypertension. Even with the advent of newer antihypertensive agents, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium antagonists, the centrally acting sympatholytics (alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists) remain a valuable group of medications for the management of hypertension of all grades of severity. Their advantages include efficacy; rarity of contraindication; absence of most metabolic and serious side effects; favorable effects on systemic hemodynamics; lack of true tolerance and infrequency of volume expansion-related pseudotolerance; suitability in the elderly, in isolated systolic hypertension, and in patients with various concomitant conditions, such as diabetes mellitus; ability to reverse left ventricular hypertrophy; and relative low cost. The long duration of action of guanfacine hydrochloride, the most recently marketed agent, and of the transdermal formulation of clonidine is an especially commendable feature. The principal disadvantages of this class of medications are an overlap between the therapeutic dosage and that producing sedation and dry mouth and the potential to cause the discontinuation syndrome and sexual dysfunction.
 ...
PMID:Use of centrally acting sympatholytic agents in the management of hypertension. 187 68

Case-control studies of risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) have almost invariably employed hospital controls, with minimal or no coronary artery stenosis. Although there is an important advantage in knowing the CAD status of controls, such groups are subject to bias related to hospitalization. To evaluate the generalizability of results obtained from studies using hospital controls, we compared risk factors in 342 hospital controls free of angiographic evidence for CAD, 168 neighborhood controls without symptoms of CAD, and 450 CAD patients. Coronary artery disease in cases and hospital controls was established arteriographically. No significant differences were found between the male control groups for total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, LDL apo-B, pack-years of smoking, body mass index, proportion with hypertension, diabetes and family history of coronary heart disease. Compared with neighborhood controls, male hospital controls had significantly lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, higher triglycerides and uric acid and scored higher on the Framingham Type A behavior pattern scale. Among women, the hospital control group had significantly lower LDL cholesterol and fewer pack-years of smoking, and a greater prevalence of hypertension than the neighborhood group. A greater proportion of both male and female hospital controls had left ventricular hypertrophy, and there were more current smokers among the neighborhood controls in both sexes. Age adjustment did not change these comparisons. While very few neighborhood controls were treated with beta-blockers, 32.7% of male and 41.4% of female hospital controls were so medicated. Control for beta-blocker use eliminated the difference in HDL cholesterol and triglycerides between the two male control groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Comparison of hospital and neighborhood controls in a study of coronary artery disease. 194 Oct 2

beta-Blockers are effective in reducing the blood pressure of many patients with systemic hypertension. They differ in terms of the presence or absence of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, membrane-stabilising activity, beta 1-selectivity, alpha-blocking properties, and relative potency and duration of action. All beta-blockers appear to have blood pressure lowering effects. The choice of which beta-blocker to use in an individual patient is determined by the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences between the drugs in conjunction with the patient's other medical condition(s). This review discusses the practical use of beta-blockers and provides rational suggestions for which drug(s) to use in selected patient groups (Black, elderly, postinfarction, diabetes, renal disease, obstructive lung disease, elevated lipid levels, coexisting angina, and left ventricular hypertrophy).
 ...
PMID:Clinical use of beta-adrenoceptor blockade in systemic hypertension. 197 82

Physicians are aware of the value of treating hypertension. Complications such as stroke and congestive heart failure are less likely to occur in the well-controlled patient. In our quest to add coronary heart disease to this list, we must go beyond simple reduction of blood pressure. We must consider other risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and family history. The presence of one or more of these may indicate a more aggressive treatment approach. Similarly the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary disease, or renal disease may indicate specific pharmacotherapy. On the other hand, the low-risk patient with no other problems or conditions may be treated with only nonpharmacologic therapy such as weight loss, dietary sodium reduction, and/or alcohol restriction. Every patient has a different constellation of findings. Every patient should be treated individually. It is no longer sufficient just to lower blood pressure; we need to manage the whole patient with hypertension; keeping in mind that most antihypertensive agents are equally effective, the side effect profile is often the decisive factor in choosing an antihypertensive agent.
 ...
PMID:Managing the whole patient with hypertension: practical applications in a clinical setting. 198 3


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>