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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Investigations on carbonhydrates were carried out with special regard to acid mucopolysaccharides and glycogen. The fluorescence-microscopical proof of acid micropolysaccharides with acridinorange (pH=3,3) and by means of the pseudoisocyanin-reaction (proof of-SO3H-groups) gave positive results on elastic membranes of blood vessels. These results were correlating to the increase of the diabetes mellitus. Healthy Wistar-rats did not show metachromasia with toluidinblue in the walls of the blood vessels, whereas in streptozotocin-diabetes there was strong metachromasia shown by these structures. The stages of diabetes in man were also correlated to an increase of metachromasia. The PAS-reaction, the staining with Best's carmine and the reaction with alizarinblue S for the proof of glycogen were positive in all blood vessels investigated.
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PMID:[Histotopochemical investigations on elastic membranes of blood vessels with special regard to diabetes mellitus. II. Carbohydrates (author's transl)]. 13 50

The influence of pathological situations to fetal lung maturation during the last 9 weeks of pregnancy was studied. Lung maturity was determined by four different methods, analyzing the concentration of surfactant in amniotic fluid L/S ratio was measured planimetrically and densitometrically, foam test and surface tension of the liquor amnii were used on this purpose. 89 normal pregnancies for obtaining normal values served as a basis for comparison with pathological events. A general retardation of fetal lung maturity showed 26 patients with rhesus isoimmunization so as 26 patients with diabetes classes A, B and C (White). In three pregnancies complicated by diabetes class D a remarkable acceleration of fetal lung maturity was obvious. 30 patients with placental insufficiency sui generis presented a very inhomogenous development of the fetal lung, whereas in 35 patients with EPH-gestosis a minute acceleration between 33th and 37th week of gestation was found. A good correlation between all of the used methods for measuring the concentration of surfactant was noted. Best reliability in correct prediction of lung maturity showed the method of measuring the surface-tension of the amniotic fluid.
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PMID:[Fetal lung maturity in differen abnormal pregnancies (author's transl)]. 58 Jul 2

A program using continuously pumped IVI was devised to restore glycemia of unstable diabetes under ambulatory, fed conditions to that of nondiabetic subjects. Five patients with unstable diabetes were studied. The daily regimen consisted of four meals of equal carbohydrate, fat, and protein content taken at 8 A.M., 2 P.M., 8 P.M., and 2 A.M. and 1 hr of standardized exercise in the second postprandial hour (except after the 2 A.M. meal). Confirmation of physiologic replacement of insulin by the IVI program was possible because four patients had low insulin-binding antibodies and minimal distortion of serum IRI. Best glucose control was achieved by increasing the basal flow rate (mean, 0.15 mU/kg/min) 10-fold from 15 to 60 min after daytime meals and from 15 to 105 min after the 2 A.M. meal and doubling the basal rate overnight. Contrasted to the results with SCI, the IVI program significantly improved the mean blood glucose and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions. The IVI program restored the time to glucose peak and postprandial baseline glucose recovery to normal; the amplitude of glucose increase to peak remained somewhat greater than normal.
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PMID:Normalization of plasma glucose of unstable diabetes: studies under ambulatory, fed conditions with pumped intravenous insulin. 62 51

The highly interesting and successful attempts to treat diabetes with pancreas extracts deserve a historical review. Some of these experiments were performed long before the isolation and use of insulin by the Canadians Banting, Best, Macleod and Collip in 1921--22. Successful isolation of insulin, known as acomatol and pancreatin, was first carried out before the Canadian research-workers published their results. Particular credit goes above all to Paulesco, Reuter and Zuelzer.
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PMID:[Insulin precursors--a historical synopsis. First diabetes treatment trials using pancreas extracts]. 109 72

Although many clinical aspects of diabetes were already known in the second half of the XIXth century, its pathogenesis remained mysterious. The German Medical School of Strasbourg, rich of numerous eminent teachers and researchers such as A. Kussmaul and B. Naunyn in the 1880ies, represented by this time one of the leading centers in diabetes research. The studies of Joseph Freiherr Von Mering on phloridzin-induced glycosuria are an example between others, but the discovery by Oskar Minkowski of the pancreatic origin of the disease undoubtedly stands as the most famous. This discovery was partly indebted to luck since Von Mering and Minkowski were studying a problem of digestive absorption of lipids, but it was greatly due to the excellent clinical and experimental training of Minkowski, as well as his operatory skill. These works, initially criticized by some authors, turned out to stimulate in several countries researchs on the isolation from pancreas of an hypoglycemic substance. Several investigators gave up or failed near the end, which was reached in 1921 by F. Banting and C. Best, subsequently opening the therapeutic era of diabetology.
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PMID:[Discovery of pancreatic diabetes in Strasbourg]. 151 52

Total body bone mineral content and bone mineral content in various body sites were measured by dual-photon absorptiometry in 103 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and the findings were compared with those for 214 non-diabetic control subjects matched for age and body weight. Neither total body bone mineral content (TBBM) nor the bone mineral density of the third lumbar vertebra (L3 BMD) in the diabetic subjects differed from the values in control subjects of either sex, but the values were significantly decreased in patients diseased for at least five years when compared with control subjects. Regional bone mineral measurement showed prominent bone loss in the truncal site, but no reduction in bone mass was found in the head, pelvis, arms, or legs in either male or female patients. These results suggest that reduced TBBM and L3 BMD are associated with duration of the disease and that a site-specific bone defect is present in NIDDM.
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PMID:Total and regional bone mineral content in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. 182 Apr 43

We evaluated the role of insulin availability in the induction therapy of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Plasma glucose (BG) and insulin (IRI) response to glucose loading (OGTT) was investigated before and after placebo and phenobarbitone (PB) therapy in patients with glucose intolerance and NIDDM treated with diet only, sulphonylureas (SU) plus metformin (M) or insulin. The antipyrine test was used to reflect the liver mixed function oxidase system. Therapy with PB, but not placebo, reduced fasting IRI and BG in subjects with glucose intolerance and improved the glucose tolerance, insulin response to glucose and antipyrine metabolism. The effects of PB on patients with NIDDM were dependent on the insulin availability and duration of the disease. Best responses were seen in hyperinsulinemic patients at the early phase of the disease. They had lowered fasting BG and IRI values, improved glucose tolerance, insulin response to OGTT and antipyrine metabolism after PB therapy. The SU plus M treated patients responded beneficially if they had high fasting and postglucose IRI values and were non-responders if they had relative insulin deficiency. Antipyrine metabolism improved among the responders and non-responders. The hyperglycemic patients treated with insulin showed improved glucose metabolism, an improved C-peptide response and antipyrine metabolism. The subjects could be classified into responders and non-responders by calculating the ratio of areas above the fasting level curve of insulin and glucose (sigma delta I-OGTT/sigma delta G-OGTT). These values for the former were 0.2-0.4 and the latter 0.03-0.04, as compared to healthy volunteers (1.0) and subjects with glucose intolerance (1.4). A PB type inducer improves insulin sensitivity but does not alter its production or secretion. The outcome of glucose metabolism is therefore dependent on insulin availability.
Diabetes Res 1989 Jul
PMID:Glucose tolerance and insulin response to glucose load before and after enzyme inducing therapy in subjects with glucose intolerance and patients with NIDDM having hyperinsulinemia or relative insulin deficiency. 269 84

The pancreas was generally ignored in antiquity, both as an organ and as a seat of disease. The first description of the pancreas is attributed to Herophilus. It was in the 17th century that the main duct of the organ was described and its significance demonstrated. At that time, Brunner thought that the pancreas was not essential to digestion, and he failed to associate the pancreas with diabetes. Claude Bernard discovered the function of the pancreas in digestion. In 1922, Banting and Best obtained isletin and demonstrated the capacity of the substance to cause a dog to recover from diabetic coma. In 1889, Reginald Fitz firmly established pancreatitis as a disease entity. In 1927, the first case of hyperinsulinism due to a tumor of the islet cells was reported. Twenty-eight years later, Zollinger and Ellison described two patients with unusually severe peptic ulcer disease, both of whom had noninsulin-secreting tumors of the pancreatic islets. Subsequently, gastrin was isolated as the hormone responsible for this syndrome. In March 1940, Dr. O. Whipple performed the first recorded one-stage pancreaticoduodenectomy. Much progress has been made since then and today transplantation of isolated islets and portions of whole pancreas is a reality.
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PMID:History of the pancreas. 635 46

Visual acuity was measured in a population-based study of diabetic retinopathy in southern Wisconsin. Persons diagnosed prior to 30 years of age and taking insulin (younger onset, n = 996) and those diagnosed at 30 years of age or older (older onset, n = 1370) were examined. Best corrected visual acuity was determined using the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study protocol. In the younger onset group, 1.4% had moderate visual impairment (best corrected visual acuity in the better eye of 20/80 to 20/160) and 3.6% were legally blind (visual acuity in the better eye of 20/200 or worse). Visual impairment in this group was associated with older age at examination, longer duration of diabetes, presence of proliferative retinopathy, and presence of senile cataracts. In the older onset group, 3.0% had moderate visual impairment and 1.6% were legally blind. Visual impairment in this group was associated with older age at examination, longer duration of diabetes, presence of senile cataract, presence of macular edema, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. When assigning causes of impaired vision, diabetic retinopathy was responsible in part for 86% of eyes with visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in younger onset persons and for 33% in older onset persons.
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PMID:Visual impairment in diabetes. 670 12

Sixty years have now passed since that brief 18-month span of time that brought insulin from the realm of hypothesis to the reality of treatment for human diabetes. There were rumblings around the turn of the century that the "discovery" of insulin was inevitable, although there is no doubt that the tenacity, energy, and observations of Drs. Banting and Best and their colleagues in Toronto ushered in the "insulin era." The euphoria that followed has been well-described by a number of observers. Lives could be saved. In the ensuing 60 years, however, an increasing prevalence of morbidity concomitant with an increasing prevalence of morbidity been observed, as well as increasing insight into the contribution of hyperglycemia to diabetic "sequelae." C. H. Best himself did not let the miracle and wonder of insulin treatment obscure the necessity of viewing the hormone as a drug, and wrote in 1974: "We hope for and expect more physiological methods of giving insulin." The symposium on the following pages was designed to explore the optimal use of insulin as a pharmacologic agent. To place the present and future in perspective and also celebrate 60 years of insulin use, a retrospective look is included (Table 1). The 19th century generated the intellectual ferment that culminated in the insulin era. Claude Bernard isolated glycogen and contributed greatly to our knowledge of carbohydrate metabolism. Both he and Schiff explored the potential role of the pancreas by ligating and sclerosing the pancreatic ducts with oil or paraffin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diabetes Care
PMID:Symposium on optimal insulin delivery. Introduction: History and goals of insulin treatment. 676 16


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