Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Glomerular diseases other than diabetic glomerulosclerosis (DGS) occurring in diabetic patients may pose a diagnostic challenge to both clinicians and pathologists. We studied 15 cases of membranous glomerulonephritis (MG) in patients with diabetes mellitus focusing on the morphologic changes of the kidney. Light microscopic observation revealed nodular and/or diffuse DGS in 12 cases and no DGS in three. Periodic acid-silver methenamine stain showed spikes or chain-like structures in the glomerular capillary wall in 13 cases, indicating the presence of MG. Ultrastructurally, MG was classified into Stage I (N = 2), II (N = 8), III (N = 4), or IV (N = 1). Six out of nine cases with Stages I and II MG showed a thickened lamina densa of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), suggesting diabetic influence on the GBM. Moreover, MG in some of the cases suggested atypical ultrastructural features including (a) the presence of large immune type deposits separated by tall spikes (N = 4), (b) high electron density of deposits in spite of their intramembranous location (N = 4), and (c) the presence of immune type deposits of mesangial (N = 3) and subendothelial (N = 2) locations. It is postulated that these atypical features are caused by altered turnover of the GBM, impaired glomerular clearance of immune complexes, changes of the glomerular capillary wall as the result of hemodynamic alterations, and/or nonenzymatic glycosylation in diabetic milieu.
 ...
PMID:Membranous glomerulonephritis in diabetic patients: a study of 15 cases and review of the literature. 240 36

Glomerular diseases, including diabetes and various forms of glomerulonephritis, account for more than 70% of patients undergoing renal transplantation. Among these patients, more than 40% develop significant proteinuria, and around 15% develop persistent nephrotic syndrome. The most common cause of posttransplantation proteinuria is chronic allograft nephropathy (60%), followed by recurrent (15%) and de novo (10%) glomerulonephritis. Persistent proteinuria is associated with a significantly reduced rate of graft survival but often can be controlled with non-disease-specific therapy including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers with favorable effects on long-term prognosis. Recurrent or de novo glomerulonephritis occurs in 6%-20% of patients overall and is more common in patients transplanted with glomerulonephritic organs. Glomerulonephritis in the allograft is also associated with a reduction in long-term (5-year) graft survival (40% vs 70%). The most common diseases associated with allograft glomerulonephritis and their recurrence rates in transplantation patients are idiopathic focal glomerular sclerosis (20%-30%), IgA nephropathy (25%), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (type 1, 25%; type 2, 80%), membranous nephropathy (30%), and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (classic, 10%; atypical, 40%; familial, 60%). This article reviews new developments in the understanding of 3 of these diseases-focal glomerular sclerosis, membranous nephropathy, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome-as they relate to the incidence of recurrence, the effects of recurrence on graft survival, risk factors for recurrence, and management issues for nephrologists caring for patients with renal allografts. Proper donor selection, early diagnosis in high-risk patients, and appropriate management can prolong graft survival and improve long-term outcomes.
 ...
PMID:Recurrent glomerulonephritis in the renal allograft: an update of selected areas. 1598 71

Glomerular diseases are among the most common renal pathologies leading frequently to end-stage renal disease. Clinical disease can be divided into five different groups the features of which are determined by the underlying pathophysiology. One of these five clinical syndromes is the nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by proteinuria > 3.5 g/day accompanied by hypalbuminemia, hyperlipoproteinemia and pronounced edema. The nephrotic syndrome may be the clinical manifestation of a row of underlying diseases. The pathophysiological basics had remained elusive for decades, yet recently significant progress which allows for establishing new therapeutic strategies has been made. A major breakthrough in understanding the function of the glomerular filter unit has been possible in the last years through both genetic and cell biological studies, which have revealed a crucial role for the visceral epithelial cells of the glomerulus - the podocytes. By now various factors have been found causing podocyte damage, such as toxines, immunological phenomena or systemic disease like diabetes mellitus.
 ...
PMID:[Treating the symptoms in nephrotic syndrome: which therapeutic strategies are evidence based in the treatment of proteinuria?]. 2130 8

As human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients now live longer while receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among urban HIV population. Risk factors associated with CKD in such HIV-infected population include aging, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, co-infection with hepatitis C virus, low CD4 cell count, and high HIV viral load. Clinical experience has shown that HIV-infected individuals often have one or more concurrent risk factors for CKD. The cumulative effect of multiple risk factors on the development of CKD should be noted in this population. Glomerular disease directly related to HIV infection, so-called HIV-associated nephropathy, remains an important cause of CKD among limited HIV population of African descent. The impact of exposure to nephrotoxic antiretroviral agents on the development of kidney disease is both an old and a new concern. In particular, the association of tenofovir with kidney disease has been an area of great interest. The findings regarding tenofovir's adverse effect on long-term kidney function vary among studies. Early identification and treatment of kidney disease is imperative for reducing the burden of patients requiring dialysis in HIV-infected populations. Periodic monitoring of urinary albumin excretion, tubular parameters such as low-molecular-weight proteinuria, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate may be useful for early diagnosis of patients at risk for incident CKD. This review focuses on recent developments in epidemiology, risk factors, identification, estimation, and management of CKD in HIV-infected population in the HAART era.
 ...
PMID:How to manage HIV-infected patients with chronic kidney disease in the HAART era. 2229 58

Glomerular diseases are common in elderly patients and are a major cause of kidney failure. Most glomerular diseases in the elderly are caused by chronic systemic diseases, including arterial hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerotic vascular diseases, although acute systemic vasculitis, especially anti-neutrophil-cytoplamic-antibody-mediated vasculitis, and membranous nephropathy related to malignancy, drug toxicity, and idiopathic form also occur often. Complex age-related changes and sensitivity to drug toxicity can render diagnosis and treatment for elderly patients challenging. As the general population is aging and the rate of CKD rising, updating knowledge on managing these patients is critical for care providers. We provide a comprehensive review and update of the diagnosis and treatment of glomerular diseases in the elderly.
...
PMID:Diagnosis and treatment of glomerular diseases in elderly patients. 2460 72

Antiretroviral therapy has markedly reduced acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related deaths and opportunistic infectious diseases. This has resulted in prolonged survival of individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, this improvement in survival has been accompanied by an increase in the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease. CKD is now epidemic among HIV-infected populations in both Western and Eastern countries. Risk factors associated with CKD in HIV-infected populations include aging, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, co-infection with hepatitis C virus, a low CD4 cell count, and a high HIV viral load. Clinical experience has shown that HIV-infected individuals often have one or more concurrent risk factors for CKD. The cumulative effect of multiple risk factors on the development of CKD should be noted in this population. Glomerular disease directly related to HIV infection, so-called HIV-associated nephropathy, remains an important cause of CKD among a limited HIV population of African descent, but is less likely to be common among other urban HIV populations. The impact of exposure to nephrotoxic antiretroviral agents on the development of kidney disease is both an old and a new concern. In particular, the association of tenofovir with kidney tubular injury has been an area of great interest. The findings regarding tenofovir's adverse effect on long-term kidney function vary among studies. The early identification and treatment of CKD is recommended for reducing the burden of patients requiring dialysis in HIV-infected populations. Periodic monitoring of urinary concentrations of albumin, protein, and tubular injury markers such as low-molecular-weight proteins may be useful for the early diagnosis of patients at risk for incident CKD. This review focuses on recent epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management of CKD in a contemporary HIV-infected population.
...
PMID:Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management of chronic kidney disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. 2616 63

Primary mitochondrial diseases (MD) are complex, heterogeneous inherited diseases caused by mutations in either the mitochondrial or nuclear DNA. Glomerular diseases in MD have been reported with tRNA mutation m.3243A>G causing a syndrome of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). We describe here a case of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) associated with a new tRNA mutation site. A 34-year-old man with a history of living related kidney transplantation, diabetes, hearing loss, and developmental delay presented to the outpatient clinic with complaints of new behavioral difficulties, worsening symptoms, and brain involvement on imaging. Physical examination was remarkable for difficulty hearing, a pattern of dysarthric speech, and cerebellar gait. Laboratory investigations including lactate levels were unremarkable. Based on this set of clinical circumstances, concern for an underlying genetic abnormality was raised. Multiple metabolic tests were unremarkable. Whole exome sequencing revealed a mitochondrial MT-TW tRNA change at position m.5538G>A. Genotype-phenotype correlations are consistent with this tRNA mutation as a cause of his symptoms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case describing FSGS-associated MD caused by an m.5538 G>A mutation. Consideration of an underlying MD should be made in patients presenting with deafness, neurologic changes, diabetes, and renal failure.
 ...
PMID:Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with mitochondrial disease. 2945