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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diabetes mellitus was induced in Lewis rats by streptozotocin, and these animals and control rats fed ad lib were studied after 7 weeks. At the time of sacrifice, nondecalcified histological sections of bone were prepared and subsequently quantitated by micromorphometric techniques. In addition, tibial alkaline phosphatase and mineral ash content were determined. The bones obtained from the diabetic animals are characterized by significant decrements in the quantities of osteoid and osteoclasts and by failure to acquire a tetracycline label. These histological features are attended by reduced quantities of urinary hydroxyproline and tibial alkaline phosphatase. As compared with control animals fed ad lib, diabetic rats are hyperphosphatemic and markedly hypercalciuric. Circulating alkaline phosphatase is also elevated and associated with a parallel increase in intestinal content of this enzyme. Although serum corticosterone levels are increased, diabetes is associated with decrements in both circulating immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and 1,25(OH)2D. We conclude that prolonged streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in the rat results in reduced bone turnover. The relative roles that functional caloric deprivation, low circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D, hypercalciuria, hypercortisolemia, and decreased blood parathyroid hormone levels play in the genesis of these skeletal abnormalities remain to be determined.
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PMID:The effect of streptozotocin-induced chronic diabetes mellitus on bone and mineral homeostasis in the rat. 645 Feb 54

Kearns-Sayre syndrome was diagnosed in a 40-year-old female patient admitted for evaluation of symptomatic bradycardia. In addition to the classic triad--external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy, and heart block--she also had secondary amenorrhea, hearing loss, diabetes, and increased concentrations of blood lactate and pyruvate as manifestations of this multisystem disease. The echocardiographic examination disclosed asymmetric septal hypertrophy with a septal diastolic thickness of 17 mm and a septum to free wall ratio of 1.5. The left ventricular size and function were normal. Thus, asymmetric septal hypertrophy may represent subclinical heart muscle involvement in Kearns-Sayre syndrome.
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PMID:Asymmetric septal hypertrophy in Kearns-Sayre syndrome. 654 86

To evaluate the acute effects of volcanic ash from Mt. St. Helens on the lung function of children, we studied 101 children 8 to 13 yr of age who were attending a 2-wk summer camp for children with diabetes mellitus in an area where about 1.2 cm of ash had fallen after the June 12, 1980, eruption. The outcome variables used were forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, their ratio and mean transit time. Total and respirable dust levels were measured using personal sampling pumps. The children were tested on arrival and twice (early morning [A.M.] and late afternoon [P.M.]) every second or third day during the session. A within-day effect was measured by the P.M./A.M. ratio for the lung function variables; a between-day effect was measured by the change in the P.M. measurements over the 2 wk of camp. We found no strong evidence of either a within-day or a between-day effect on lung function, even in a subgroup of children who had preexisting lung disease or symptoms, despite daytime dust/ash levels that usually exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency's significant harm level for particulate matter.
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PMID:Acute effects of volcanic ash from Mount Saint Helens on lung function in children. 685 54

The effect of maternal diabetes mellitus on placental unidirectional maternofetal flux of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), calbindin9K mRNA expression, and net fetal Ca and Mg accretion has been investigated using control (C), untreated diabetic (D(O)) and insulin-treated diabetic (DI) rats. Unidirectional maternofetal flux of Ca in the D(O) group was 61 and 63% of the value of the C and DI groups; unidirectional maternofetal flux of magnesium in the D(O) group was 79 and 66% of the value in the C and DI groups. Fetal Ca and Mg content (mmol; mean +/- SEM) was also significantly lower in the D(O) group compared with the other two groups (0.111 +/- 0.004 versus 0.153 +/- 0.008 in C and 0.168 +/- 0.007 in DI, p < 0.01 D(O) versus C and DI for Ca; and 0.021 +/- 0.001 versus 0.027 +/- 0.001 in C and 0.031 +/- 0.001 in DI, p < 0.01 D(O) versus C and DI for Mg). However, only Ca content was significantly lower in the D(O) group when normalized to fetal ash weight. Densitometric analysis of autoradiograms after Northern hybridization with cDNA probes demonstrated that the placental calbindin9K/cyclophilin mRNA ratio was 11- to 12-fold lower in the D(O) group compared with the C and DI groups. Collectively, the data suggest that untreated maternal diabetes mellitus reduces fetal Ca and Mg accretion by an effect on the expression of placental transport components involved in the maternofetal transfer of these cations.
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PMID:Effect of diabetes mellitus on maternofetal flux of calcium and magnesium and calbindin9K mRNA expression in rat placenta. 819 May 31

Osteopenia occurs in diabetes mellitus. Since bone status is altered in Inflammation Mediated Osteopenia (IMO), it was appropriate to study its course in diabetic animals in order to investigate the mechanism of diabetic osteopenia. To this end, we compared the bone loss in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetes with that of IMO. Female rats were studied in total of 8 groups: Control, IMO, Diabetes, IMO with Diabetes (IMO-DIA) on the 3rd and similar groups on the 6th week after induction of IMO with 8 s.c. injections of talcum suspension. Femoral mineral content as reflected by ash weight per femoral volume after 3 weeks was lower in IMO compared to control rats (p < 0.05) while after 6 weeks this difference was not significant. The femur ash weight per volume of diabetic rats was lower than the one of intact rats with and without IMO both after 3 and 6 weeks. Diabetic rats with and without IMO exhibited no difference in this respect. Spleen weight as a measure of the extent of inflammation per body weight was increased only in the IMO group. The diabetic rats with and without IMO did not differ significantly with regard to spleen weight. Similar changes were observed 6 weeks after the induction of IMO. However the difference between IMO and diabetes rats was of borderline significance and no difference existed between the IMO and IMO-diabetic group. The serum calcium levels of intact, IMO and diabetic rats showed no change during both experimental periods. Those of diabetic rats with IMO were higher than those of the diabetic and IMO animals after 6 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Bone loss in experimental diabetes. Comparison with the model of inflammation mediated osteopenia. 845 12

The skeletal consequences of streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetes in the rat are characterized by decreased bone formation and, consequently, reductions in bone mass. Given the ability of tetracyclines to inhibit the breakdown of connective tissue collagen in experimental diabetes (and in other diseases), we examined the potential of this drug to prevent the osteopenia associated with STZ diabetes. To evaluate drug efficacy, the cortical and trabecular bone histomorphometry were analyzed and compared between vehicle-treated control and diabetic rats and control and diabetic rats treated orally with 20 mg/day of minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline. In addition, blood and urine glucose, body weight change, tibia lengths, cortical bone densities, and bone ash content were compared. At the end of the 26 day experimental period, diabetic (D) and minocycline-treated diabetic (MTD) rats were polyuric with reduced body weights and significantly elevated blood and urinary glucose levels (p < 0.01). Compared to control (C) and minocycline-treated control (MTC) animals, the periosteal and cancellous bone formation in the D rats had virtually ceased (p < 0.001), and the cancellous bone mass in the tibial metaphysis was reduced 47% (p < 0.01). In contrast, bone formation rates in the MTD animals were increased compared to the D rats (p < 0.001), while cancellous bone areas in the MTD animals were essentially equivalent to those observed in the C and MTC groups. Moreover, growth plate thickness, reduced 43% in the D rats, was preserved in the diabetic animals treated with minocycline. These results demonstrate that minocycline treatment of the streptozotocin diabetic rat maintains normal bone formation, normalizes growth plate thickness, and prevents cancellous bone loss.
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PMID:Tetracycline prevents cancellous bone loss and maintains near-normal rates of bone formation in streptozotocin diabetic rats. 926 90

A disturbed calcium homeostasis characterizes diabetic pregnancy. This study documents changes in bone mineral composition in diabetic pregnant rats and examines the effect of insulin replacement. Control pregnant (CP), diabetic pregnant (DP) and insulin-treated DP (DPi) rats were assessed for femoral calcium and magnesium content, bone mineral density (BMD) and the ratio of hypertrophic to maturing and proliferative cells in the femoral growth plate. DP rats showed a significantly (P < 0.01) lower body weight, femoral weight and length than CP rats. Femoral calcium and magnesium content was also significantly (P < 0.05) lower in DP rats, as was ash weight. When calcium and magnesium were normalized for ash weight no significant differences were apparent. A significantly (P < 0.05) lower total BMD at the distal femur was seen in DP rats. This comprised a significantly (P < 0.01) lower trabecular BMD with no significant change in cortical BMD. A significantly (P < 0.05) higher ratio of hypertrophic to maturing and proliferative cells of the femoral growth plate was evident in DP animals. DPi rats showed normal blood glucose concentrations and femoral growth plate histology. DPi rats also showed normal femoral weight and length but only partially restored femoral ash weight and mineral content. Insulin failed to normalize total or trabecular BMD. Diabetes mellitus clearly has a marked effect on bone growth and mineral content in pregnancy which may be relevant to overall calcium homeostasis. The lower bone growth, bone calcium content and trabecular BMD may be unfortunate consequences of the marked hypercalciuria reported elsewhere in diabetes and may serve to maintain normocalcaemia in the disease.
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PMID:Bone mineral density and composition in rat pregnancy: effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and insulin replacement. 956 76

The effects of 10% and 20% dietary xylitol supplementation on the biomechanical properties, trabeculation, and mineral content of long bones were studied in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Forty 3-month-old male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups of 10. Rats in three groups were administered a single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight) to induce type I diabetes, while animals in the fourth group were given a sham injection of physiological saline. The sham-injected group and one of the streptozotocin-diabetic groups were fed the basal diet, while the two diabetic groups were fed the same diet supplemented with 10% and 20% xylitol (wt/wt). After 3 months, the rats were killed and the long bones were prepared for analysis. The 10% and 20% dietary xylitol supplementation significantly prevented the type I diabetes-induced decrease in the mechanical stress resistance of the tibia in the three-point bending test, the shear stress of the femur in the torsion test, and the stress resistance of the femoral neck in the loading test. No statistically significant differences were found between any groups in the values for strain or Young's modulus in the three-point bending test, or in the values for the shear modulus of elasticity in the torsion test. These findings indicate that dietary xylitol protects against the weakening of the bone strength properties of both cortical and trabecular bone without affecting the elastic-plastic properties. Supplementation with 10% and 20% dietary xylitol significantly prevented the type I diabetes-induced decrease of humeral ash weight and tibial density. Histomorphometric data for the secondary spongiosa of the proximal tibia showed that 10% and 20% dietary xylitol supplementation also significantly prevented the type I diabetes-induced loss of trabecular bone volume. In conclusion, dietary xylitol supplementation protects against the weakening of bone biomechanical properties in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. This is related to the preserved bone mineral content and preserved trabecular bone volume.
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PMID:Dietary xylitol supplementation prevents osteoporotic changes in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 959 50

Medicinal herbs used in indigenous medicines in crude forms for the management of diabetes mellitus, contain both the organic and inorganic constituents. It is known that certain inorganic mineral elements (potassium, zinc, calcium, traces of chromium, etc.) play an important role in the maintenance of normal glucose-tolerance and in the release of insulin from beta cells of islets of Langerhans. In the present study, 30 hypoglycaemic herbs were selected from indigenous folk medicines, Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha systems of medicines. Special emphasis was given to their inorganic parts by carefully preparing ash (which contains mainly mineral elements) of the specific parts of the herbal samples under study. Next, the single dose effect on the oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) was studied using previously fasted albino rats. Similar effects were also compared with their organic parts of the concerned herbal samples in the form of 95% ethanolic extracts. In certain inorganic samples, more pronounced action (as glucose tolerance factor) were noticed than their corresponding organic parts.
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PMID:Preliminary studies on the inorganic constituents of some indigenous hypoglycaemic herbs on oral glucose tolerance test. 1019 54

Repaglinide (CAS 135062-02-1), a biguanide, is an orally available insulin secretagogue (beta-cell stimulant) and has been developed for the treatment of Type II diabetes. The developmental toxicity of the compound was investigated in rats. The effects on fertility, on embryo- and fetogenesis and on peri- and postnatal development were investigated. In a 'fertility study' 24 males were treated with 0, 1, 30, 300 mg/kg for 10 weeks prior to mating and during mating, and 24 females with 0, 1, 30, 80 mg/kg for 4 weeks prior to mating until gestation day 22 (hysterectomy group) or through gestation day 22 until postnatal day, i.e. lactation day 21 (littering group). In a 'teratogenicity study' with a hysterectomy group and a littering group included, 36 females were treated with 0, 0.5, 5 and 80 mg/kg from gestation day 7-16. In a 'peri-postnatal study' with a cross-foster group included 23 females were treated in the core study with 0, 0.5, 5, 30 and 80 mg/kg from gestation day 16 to lactation day 21 and in the cross-foster group 18 females with 0 and 80 mg/kg from gestation day 16 to lactation day 21. In a 'supplementary study' with five treatment windows 13 females each were treated with 80/30 mg/kg from gestation day 1-5 (W 1), gestation day 6-16 (W 2), gestation day 17-22 (W 3), lactation day 1-14 (W 4) and lactation day 15-21 (W 5). Effects of repaglinide on fertility, implantation, early and late embryogenesis, fetogenesis, birth and postnatal development including fertility of the offspring were investigated. In the 'fertility study' the NOTEL (no toxic effect level) for males was estimated to be 1 mg/kg and for females 30 mg/kg. In the 'teratogenicity study' the maternal NOTEL was 0.5 mg/kg as it was in the 'peri-postnatal study' 5 mg/kg. Food consumption and body weight gain of females were significantly reduced at the beginning of the respective treatment periods of the 'supplementary study' indicating a strong reaction of the dams to the treatment underlined by the death of individual animals (W 3, W 4 and W 5). Offspring survival during the last trimester of pregnancy and during lactation was affected in the 'fertility study' and in the 'peri-postnatal study' after 30 and 80 mg/kg and in the 'supplementary study' slightly in W 3 and more pronounced in W 4 and W 5. Changes of the skeleton in the extremities of the offspring were observed in all studies where the animals were exposed to repaglinide during late pregnancy (i.e. after completion of organogenesis) and/or lactation. At radiography the skeletal alterations comprised deformities of the coracoid process and acromion process, of the proximal humeral epiphysis, and of the epiphysis distalis and the condylus distalis of the femur. Deltoids of the humerus showed a slight increase of height and a length reduction. The radius and ulna were slightly bent. The most marked effects and the highest incidence were induced during the first half of lactation (W 4). As age of offspring increased the changes were more pronounced and occurred with a higher incidence. Correspondingly, ash weight, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content of bones were reduced, but the proportions remained constant. Histopathological examination (supplementary study) showed that small fibrotic foci were formed in the area of dislocation of parts of the epiphyseal plate and that the remaining hyaline cartilage was thinner than normal (W 3, W 4 and W 5). Additionally, the longitudinal axis of the diaphysis juxtaposed to the growth zone was markedly bent, becoming convex to the lateral side. The studies clearly demonstrated that long bone development was not impaired during embryogenesis and early fetogenesis but after completition of organogenesis exclusively, indicating that repaglinide was not teratogenic. Effects of repaglinide were clearly effects on growth. The effects seen in all studies only occurred at excessively high plasma concentrations which will not be reached at human therapeutic dos
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PMID:Effects of the oral antidiabetic repaglinide on the reproduction of rats. 1085 70


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