Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A systematic health screening programme for the elderly aged 55 years and above was implemented in the first Senior Citizens' Health Care Centre (SCHCC) in 1986. This programme was expanded to two more SCHCCs by 1989. The first 1,224 clients aged 55 years and above, who attended this programme in the first three SCHCCs were studied in this paper. The characteristics of the elderly who voluntarily attended the SCHCCs for health screening were studied with respect to their referrals, socio demographic status, whether they had regular physician care, the existing medical problems and the new medical problems picked up at health screening. Of those screened, 49.6% were referred for the programme by relatives and self, and 28.2% by community centres, thus, showing that community and family supported the programme. Only 7.2% of referrals to the screening programme came from general practitioners and 4% from polyclinic doctors. It is interesting to note that 40% of clients had no regular physician care. About two thirds (57.2%) had one or more existing chronic medical conditions or disability at the time of screening. The majority with existing conditions had hypertension (24.8%) and diabetes (15.5%). Other existing conditions were ischaemic heart disease (6.2%), cataract (3.9%) and asthma (3.6%). The pick-up rate of medical conditions among the clients at the time of health screening was 38.6% for the whole group. This showed a rising trend from the younger to the older age groups being 29.4% in the age group 55 to 64, to 45.8% in the age group 65 to 74, and 51.4% in the age group 75 years and above (p less than 0.001). Some of the topical issues related to a health screening programme for the elderly have been discussed.
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PMID:Health screening for the elderly--the Singapore Senior Citizens' Health Care Centres' experience 1986-1989: an overview. 192 75

We studied the effect of successful kidney and pancreas transplantation on visual function and diabetic retinopathy in 18 patients with long-term Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (17 to 38 years) and with advanced proliferative retinopathy. The average age of the patients was 42 years. Prior to transplantation, 5 eyes were in end-stage ophthalmic complication due to neovascular glaucoma. An ophthalmological follow-up was performed between 1-6 years post-surgery. Analysis of the results showed that the diabetic retinopathy had stabilized after transplantation in 12 cases (66%) with a supplementary photocoagulation in the majority of cases. The proliferation continued in 4 patients (22%) leading to blindness in 2 patients and recurrence of vitreous haemorrhages despite the photocoagulation in the other 2 cases. An improvement was observed on fluorescein angiography in a patient with pre-papillar glial proliferation without photocoagulation. Ten patients were reported to have a cataract and were operated on in two cases before transplantation; in one patient, the cataract increased following transplantation. In conclusion, the kidney and pancreas transplantation was not effective in our patients in reversing the clinical and angiographic signs of diabetic retinopathy. Moreover, a worsening of the lesions was observed in some cases; this was probably due to the irreversible microangiopathic lesions due to advanced evolution of diabetes.
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PMID:Ophthalmological follow-up of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients after kidney and pancreas transplantation. 193 5

As the UV-B cataract and early stages of diabetic cataract in rats only touches the epithelium and anterior superficial cortex, a whole lens analysis is not meaningful, but a regional analysis with the freeze-sectioning device has to be performed. Scheimpflug photography with microdensitometric image analysis enables the scientist to discern in vivo single layers along the optical axis of the lens. UV-B cataracts (0.2 J/cm2, every 2nd day) and diabetic cataracts (Streptozotocin (STZ), 70 mg/kg BW) were induced in Brown-Norway rats. The stages of lens opacification were documented by Scheimpflug photography. 8 weeks after start of UV-B treatment and at several dates before onset of visible diabetic cataractous changes, the animals were sacrificed. The lenses were divided reproducibly into 4 or 7 parts such as an equatorial ring and several layers of the central cylinder from anterior to posterior part. The enzyme activity spectrum shows highly region related pattern that would not have been found in a whole lens analysis. Aldose reductase was activated before appearance of visible cataractous changes due to diabetes compared to normal lenses. In contrast Fructose-1,6-biphosphate-aldolase activity was lower before onset of visible changes than in normal lenses, but only within the 1st section where later visible cataractous changes of UV-B cataract could be detected.
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PMID:Regional enzymatic analysis of UV-B and streptozotocin induced diabetic cataract lens. 196 39

The inbred non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a spontaneous model for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). As in man and BB rats, IDDM in the NOD mouse has an autoimmune aetiology. The disease is controlled by several genes, one of which, Idd-1, has been mapped to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 17. However, Idd-1 has not yet been identified. To facilitate the identification of Idd-1 we have further analysed the MHC region for restriction fragment length polymorphisms and we find that the NOD mouse has a distinct haplotype: H-2K1nod Kd A beta nod A alpha d E beta nod TNF-alpha beta. In addition, the NOD mouse shows some similarities with the H-2b haplotype in the Q region, in that either the Q7 or the Q9 gene seems to be like that in the b-haplotype and that the Qa2 antigen is expressed, while other parts of this region are distinct from the b- as well as the d- haplotype. In contrast, the sister strain, the non-obese normal (NON) mouse, derived from the same cataract-prone line of mice as the NOD mouse, has an MHC Class I region indistinguishable from the b-haplotype, but the MHC Class II region is distinct from the NOD mouse as well as the b-, d- and k-haplotype.
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PMID:Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the major histocompatibility complex of the non-obese diabetic mouse. 197 42

Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes in humans is characterized by a T cell mediated destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells. This autoimmune response is very similar to that seen in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain. Originally bred from the ICR cataract-prone strain, NOD mice spontaneously develop T cell mediated insulitis and type I diabetes by the age of 6 months. Backcross studies with the NOD mouse strain indicate segregation of at least three recessive genes. One of these, Iddm-1, has been shown to be tightly linked to the mouse MHC, H-2 on chromosome 17. Comparative studies with diabetic patients has also shown linkage to human HLA with protective and predisposing haplotypes being present within the population. In this study we have attempted to identify restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) between the genomes of the NOD mouse strain and the diabetes-resistant strain C57BL/10. Such polymorphic loci will be used to screen DNAs from backcross animals that are diagnosed diabetic in an attempt to identify probes linked to the non-H2 disease susceptibility genes.
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PMID:Detection of DNA polymorphisms between two inbred mouse strains--limitations of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). 198 36

The Lens Opacities Case-Control Study evaluated risk factors for age-related nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular, and mixed cataracts. The 1380 participants were ophthalmology outpatients, aged 40 to 79 years, classified into the following groups: posterior subcapsular only, 72 patients; nuclear only, 137 patients; cortical only, 290 patients; mixed cataract, 446 patients; and controls, 435 patients. In polychotomous logistic regression analyses, low education increased risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.46) and regular use of multivitamin supplements decreased risk (OR = 0.63) for all cataract types. Dietary intake of riboflavin, vitamins C, E, and carotene, which have antioxidant potential, was protective for cortical, nuclear, and mixed cataract; intake of niacin, thiamine, and iron also decreased risk. Similar results were found in analyses that combined the antioxidant vitamins (OR = 0.40) or considered the individual nutrients (OR = 0.48 to 0.56). Diabetes increased risk of posterior subcapsular, cortical, and mixed cataracts (OR = 1.56). Oral steroid therapy increased posterior subcapsular cataract risk (OR = 5.83). Females (OR = 1.51) and nonwhites (OR = 2.03) were at increased risk only for cortical cataract. Risk factors for nuclear cataract were a nonprofessional occupation (OR = 1.96), current smoking (OR = 1.68), body mass index (OR = 0.76), and occupational exposure to sunlight (OR = 0.61). Gout medications (OR = 2.48), family history (OR = 1.52), and use of eyeglasses by age 20 years, which is an indicator of myopia (OR = 1.44), increased risk of mixed cataract. The results support a role for the nutritional, medical, personal, and other factors in cataractogenesis. The potentially modifiable factors suggested by this study merit further evaluation.
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PMID:The Lens Opacities Case-Control Study. Risk factors for cataract. 184 56

413 NIDDM Sudanese patients were studied. The patients' ages at the onset of diabetes ranged from 20-72 years, with the majority of patients (44%) developing diabetes at the age between 40-50 years. Female to male ratio was 1.9:1. 46.2% of patients were obese and a family history of first degree relatives was obtained in 63% of patients. Complications of diabetes in this study were as follows: Neuropathy (31.5%), retinopathy (17.4%), cataract (16%), nephropathy (9.2%), coronary heart disease (5.1%), cerebrovascular disease (4.4%) and peripheral vascular disease (3.4%). Microangiopathic complications of diabetes were significantly related to the duration of diabetes and the degree of hyperglycaemia (P less than 0.001 using chi 2 test). Macroangiopathic complications were significantly related to aging and hyperglycaemia. Patients with good metabolic control (blood glucose less than 160 mg%) had less prevalence of complications than uncontrolled patients. We conclude that NIDDM is a common type of diabetes in our diabetic clinic. It is a disease with severe complications and morbidity and needs more attention regarding metabolic control, since good control reduces the prevalence of diabetic complications.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1991 Jan
PMID:Features of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in the Sudan. 201 36

The authors analysed and compared three groups of patients who had undergone surgery. In the first group of 72 patients with diabetes and cataract, intraocular lens implantation was carried out. In the second group of 96 patients with diabetes and cataract, cataract surgery was not followed by intraocular lens implantation. The third group of 100 nondiabetic patients, selected by random choice, had intraocular lens implanted after the cataract surgery. Retinal status, postoperative complications and visual acuity were the parameters analysed in correlation with the intraocular lens implantation. In the authors' opinion, the prognosis following cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation in diabetic patients is good, if diabetic complications do not occur, particularly retinopathy and vitreal hemorrhage which impair the vision considerably. Intraocular lens can be implanted even in cases of maculopathy and preproliferative diabetic retinopathy, provided a thorough diagnostic evaluation has been performed (echography, fluorescein angiography). Laser photocoagulation procedure should also be carried out before surgery and repeated as long as the transparence of the lens enables it. The treatment should be resumed two weeks after the cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation at the latest. Intraocular lens implantation is contraindicated in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and especially iridal rubeosis, as the risk of neovascular glaucoma development is considerable.
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PMID:[Implantation of intraocular lenses in patients with diabetes]. 203 42

Crystallin glycation seems to play an important role in the development of diabetic cataract. In order to understand the role of glycation in cataractogenesis, levels of glycation of different crystallins were determined by in vitro glycation of rat lens soluble fraction with 50 mM glucose or glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) for up to 5 days and in streptozotocin-diabetic rats during various stages of cataract development. All samples were reduced with [3H]NaBH4 and the tritium incorporation was taken as a measure of glycation. Proteins were routinely separated by molecular sieve HPLC. In vitro studies with glucose showed that gamma-crystallin was readily glycated and reached a plateau by 3 days, while alpha- and beta-crystallins were glycated slowly initially up to 3 days followed by a steep increase as seen on the fifth day. Incubation with 50 mM G6P resulted in an approximately two fold increase in glycation compared to glucose of all crystallins. In the diabetic animals also gamma-crystallin glycation increased approximately twofold within 15 days after the onset of diabetes and an additional threefold within the next 45 days followed by a slight decrease during the following 90-120 days. Increase in glycation, on the contrary, was very slow up to 30 days for alpha-crystallin and up to 60 days for beta-crystallin, followed by a steep increase during the remainder of the experimental period. The high molecular weight (HMW) aggregates had higher levels of glycation than other proteins; the insoluble HMW aggregates contained higher levels of glycation than the soluble HMW aggregates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Differential glycation of rat alpha-, beta- and gamma-crystallins. 203 22

Hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous humor was measured in cataractous eyes from normal subjects and in cataractous eyes from diabetic subjects. The level of H2O2 in the aqueous humor was significantly higher in diabetes than in the idiopathic forms. It is likely that in the eye, impaired enzymic defenses lead to the accumulation of reactive species of O2, such as H2O2, which induces lipid peroxidation. This mechanism may be involved, as a direct consequence of retinal damage, in the pathogenesis of cataract in diabetes.
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PMID:[Hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous humor and cataract formation in human diabetes]. 207 89


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