Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Mild elevations in liver chemistry tests such as alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase can reveal serious underlying conditions or have transient and benign etiologies. Potential causes of liver transaminase elevations include viral hepatitis, alcohol use, medication use, steatosis or steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis. The history should be thorough, with special attention given to the use of medications, vitamins, herbs, drugs, and alcohol; family history; and any history of blood-product transfusions. Other common health conditions, such as diabetes, heart disease, and thyroid disease, can cause or augment liver transaminase elevations. The recent American Gastroenterological Association guideline regarding the evaluation and management of abnormal liver chemistry tests proposes a practical, algorithmic approach when the history and physical examination do not reveal the cause. In addition to liver chemistries, an initial serologic evaluation includes a prothrombin time; albumin; complete blood count with platelets; hepatitis A, B, and C serologies; and iron studies. Depending on the etiology, management strategies may include cessation of alcohol use, attention to medications, control of diabetes, and modification of lifestyle factors such as obesity. If elevations persist after an appropriate period of observation, further testing may include ultrasonography and other serum studies. In some cases, biopsy may be indicated.
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PMID:Mildly elevated liver transaminase levels in the asymptomatic patient. 1579 89

HIV disease today looks very different than it did two decades ago when the first cases were described--at least in developed countries where highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is widely available. Most HIV positive people receiving treatment no longer succumb to opportunistic illnesses (OIs) that take advantage of their ravaged immune systems. Instead, people with HIV now live longer and die from a wide variety of other causes. In other words, a growing number of positive people will die with HIV, but not of HIV. In the HAART era, HIV positive people and their health-care providers must now think about the cumulative impact of chronic HIV infection and the longterm side effects of treatment. In addition, as effective antiretroviral therapy extends the lives of people with HIV, they become prone to conditions that normally occur with greater frequency as people age (such as heart disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis) and progressive conditions that may take decades to cause significant illness or death (such as chronic viral hepatitis). Given the shifts in the types of conditions now seen in people with HIV, it may be time to rethink the definition of AIDS.
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PMID:Mortality trends: toward a new definition of AIDS? 1582 20

Drug induced hepatotoxicity has been reported infrequently with sulfonylureas. For glimepiride, a second-generation sulfonylurea there is no report of hepatotoxicity in English literature. A patient with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who developed cholestatic liver injury soon after initiation of glimepiride therapy is presented. Complete work-up disclosed no other cause for hepatotoxicity including negative serological results for viral hepatitis. Liver biopsy was consistent with drug-induced cholestasis. The patient recovered 50 days after stopping glimepiride with no further recurrences.
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PMID:Cholestatic liver injury after glimepiride therapy. 1588 70

We present an unusual patient who simultaneously had severe renal artery stenosis RAS and Cushing's syndrome. The case highlights the difficulty of reaching a specific diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and the possible interaction between Cushing's syndrome and some other concurrent illnesses that this patient had. A 37-year old man presented with severe hypertension HTN and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus DM without clear physical signs of Cushing's syndrome. He was found to have severe osteoporosis, proximal myopathy, several cutaneous warts, tinea versicolor, and chronic viral hepatitis. Captopril-stimulated renal scan and renal artery angiogram revealed severe RAS. Partial balloon dilatation of RAS led to improvement in HTN. Unexpectedly, urine free cortisol 24 hour was found extremely high. Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH was also elevated and high dose dexamethasone suppression tests were inconclusive. Several imaging studies failed to localize the source of ACTH. Despite normal MRI of the pituitary gland, bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling IPSS localized the source of ACTH secretion to the right side of the pituitary gland and right anterior hemihypophysectomy resulted in cure of Cushing's disease, HTN, DM, and tinea versicolor with significant improvement in cutaneous warts, osteoporosis, and chronic hepatitis. In conclusion, RAS and Cushing's syndrome may occur together. Significant hypercortisolemia can occur without clear signs of Cushing's syndrome. Controlling hypercortisolemia is of paramount importance when treating chronic infections in patients with Cushing's syndrome.
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PMID:Severe hypertension secondary to renal artery stenosis and Cushing's syndrome. 1590 Mar 83

Our objective was to determine the effect of serum iron levels and hepatic iron overload on hepatocellular damage in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and to compare this with chronic viral hepatitis. Twenty-five patients who had elevated transaminase levels on at least two occasions, without any evidence of viral and autoimmune hepatitis and diabetes, without a history of significant alcohol use, and with a liver biopsy consistent with NASH were enrolled in the study. Twenty-five patients with chronic viral hepatitis (13 patients with chronic hepatitis C and 12 with chronic hepatitis B) who were not under any antiviral treatment were taken as controls. Metabolic factors were studied in the NASH and chronic hepatitis groups. Biopsy specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and the grade of steatosis and the stage of fibrosis were evaluated as I, II, or III, I being mild and III being severe. Iron overload in the hepatic tissue was studied by Prussian blue staining. Serum ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, globulin, and ferritin levels were comparable in both steatohepatitis and chronic viral hepatitis groups. However, patients with chronic hepatitis had a lower albumin level and a higher serum iron level, with higher transferrin saturation. Among patients with NASH, mild, moderate, and severe steatosis was found in 7, 10, and 8 patients, respectively. Inflammatory infiltration was grade I in 24 patients and grade III in 1 patient. Fibrosis was mild in 12 patients and 13 patients had no fibrosis. Among patients with chronic viral hepatitis, inflammatory infiltration of grade I was seen in 11 patients, grade II in 11 patients, and grade III in 3 patients. Fibrosis was mild in 9 patients, moderate in 13 patients, and severe in 2 patients; 1 patient had no fibrosis. Compared to patients with NASH, those with chronic viral hepatitis cases had more severe inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis (P < 0.01). While five patients with chronic viral hepatitis had mild iron overload, patients with NASH had no hepatic paranchymal iron overload. Neither NASH nor chronic viral hepatitis revealed a relationship between hepatic iron overload and disease activity. This suggests that the iron overload actually may be a result of hemachromatosis gene mutation. The absence of hepatic parenchymal iron overload in the NASH group and only mild iron accumulation in the chronic hepatitis group may be explained by a lower frequency of the gene mutation in our country.
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PMID:Serum iron levels and hepatic iron overload in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and chronic viral hepatitis. 1696 48

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a major health problem in the world, including Cuba. There is an increasing trend in both the incidence and prevalence of ESRD. Global projections consistently show an increase of patients in maintenance dialysis, and also an epidemic trend in diabetes mellitus and hypertension, two diseases that are leading causes of ESRD in most countries. A new paradigm is necessary to handle this major health problem, such as a public health model that integrates health promotion and disease prevention. In 1996, the Ministry of Public Health of Cuba launched a national program for the prevention of chronic renal failure (CRF). The progressive implementation of this program follows several steps: the analysis of the resources and health situation in the country; epidemiological research to define the burden of CRF; continuing education for nephrologists, family doctors, and other health professionals; and reorientation of primary health care toward increased nephrology services, intervention, and surveillance. The main outcomes of the program have been: a rational redistribution of nephrology services in corresponding health areas of primary health care; nephrologists being brought closer to the community; an improvement in the knowledge and ability of family doctors and nephrologists in the prevention of chronic renal disease; an increase in the number of patients with CRF (serum creatinine > or = 133 micromol/L or > or = 1.5 mg/dL, or a glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min) who are registered in primary health care every year, from a prevalence of 0.59 per 1,000 inhabitants at the beginning of the program in 1996 to 0.92 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2002, with a mean prevalence growth of 9.2% per year; a significant reduction (0.1%) in the incidence of viral hepatitis B in dialysis patients after the implementation of vaccination against viral hepatitis B in CRF patients who are registered in primary health care; and the implementation of CRF surveillance in primary health care, which provides periodic information on CRF burden, patterns, and trends to assist evidence-based public-health decision making, and measures the impact of interventions in the population. Primary health care is an essential tool, and the community is an appropriate social space for health promotion and the prevention of CRF and ESRD.
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PMID:Primary health care strategies for the prevention of end-stage renal disease in Cuba. 1601 98

The pattern of concomitant diseases has been studied in 708 patients operated on for progressive pulmonary tuberculosis. The incidence of concomitant diseases has been found to considerably increase in recent years and it was as high as 77%. Peptic ulcer and chronic viral hepatitis were responsible for 1.5- and 6-fold increases, respectively, in the incidence of concomitant diseases. Virtually all diseases accompanying pulmonary tuberculosis were ascertained to cause an increase in the frequency of postoperative complications. Diabetes mellitus and chronic viral hepatitis concurrent with tuberculosis had the greatest negative impact on the course of a postoperative period. These diseases and peptic ulcer substantially worsened the long-term results of surgical treatment, by increasing the frequency of postoperative recurrences of tuberculosis.
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PMID:[Outcomes of surgical treatment of patients with progressive pulmonary tuberculosis an concomitant diseases]. 1640 88

Principles of prevention of infectious diseases have been known for several thousands of years. One of the most significant tools of infection prophylaxis is immunization. Vaccines containing thymus-dependent antigens produce massive and complex immune response and feature immunologic memory. That is why they can successfully protect patients with diabetes. Lately, it has been thought by general public and even experts that application of vaccines within national immunization programmes is one of the etiopathogenetic factors in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). However, analysis of extensive studies performed by the experts of the Institute for Vaccine Safety proved that there is no positive or negative impact of immunization on the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The basic vaccinations recommended for diabetics include immunizations against influenza, pneumococcal infections, tetanus and viral hepatitis B. Other vaccines are administered only after individual assessment of benefits and risks for the diabetic patient. Most often, these are vaccinations against viral hepatitis A, tick-borne encephalitis, meningococcal infections and other infections that put in risk diabetic patients travelling abroad.
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PMID:[Diabetes mellitus and immunization]. 1677 Oct 85

Hepatocytes contain abundant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which is essential for protein metabolism and stress signaling. Hepatic viral infections, metabolic disorders, mutations of genes encoding ER-resident proteins, and abuse of alcohol or drugs can induce ER stress. Liver cells cope with ER stress by an adaptive protective response termed unfolded protein response (UPR), which includes enhancing protein folding and degradation in the ER and down-regulating overall protein synthesis. When the UPR adaptation to ER stress is insufficient, the ER stress response unleashes pathological consequences including hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation and cell death which can lead to liver disease or worsen underlying causes of liver injury, such as viral or diabetes-obesity-related liver disease.
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PMID:ER stress: can the liver cope? 1679 72

A disease is suitable for screening if it is common, if the target population can be identified and reached and if both a good screening test and an effective therapy are available. Of the most common liver diseases only viral hepatitis and genetic hemochromatosis partially satisfy these conditions. Hepatitis C is common, the screening test is good and the therapy eliminates the virus in half of the cases, but problems arise in the definition of the target population. In fact generalized population screening is not endorsed by international guidelines, although some recommend screening immigrants from high prevalence countries. Opportunistic screening (case finding) of individuals with classic risk factors, such as transfusion before 1992 and drug addiction, is the most frequently used strategy, but there is disagreement whether prison inmates, individuals with a history of promiscuous or traumatic sex and health care workers should be screened. In a real practice setting the performance of opportunistic screening by general practitioners is low but can be ameliorated by training programs. Screening targeted to segments of the population or mass campaigns are expensive and therefore interventions should be aimed to improve opportunistic screening and the detection skills of general practitioners. Regarding genetic hemochromatosis there is insufficient evidence for population screening, but individual physicians can decide to screen racial groups with a high prevalence of the disease, such as people in early middle age and of northern European origin. In the other cases opportunistic screening of high risk individuals should be performed, with a high level of suspicion in case of unexplained liver disease, diabetes, juvenile artropathy, sexual dysfunction and skin pigmentation.
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PMID:Screening in liver disease. 1698 Dec 54


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