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Kidney graft loss because arterial thrombosis is not common and is related to risk factors such as recurrent vascular hemodialysis access thrombosis, collagen-vascular disease, repeated miscarriage, diabetes mellitus and thrombophilia. Patients having this last disorder have an increased risk of repeated thrombosis in successive transplants unless they receive anticoagulation therapy. We report a 51 year-old diabetic woman who had a history of recurrent vascular hemodialysis access thrombosis (both native and prosthetic) while on dialysis and received a cadaveric donor kidney. One month after transplantation she had axillary vein thrombosis complicated with pulmonary embolism and received anticoagulants for six months. Just days after stopping the anticoagulation, she became suddenly anuric due to renal artery thrombosis and complete graft infarction. The coagulation study showed moderate hyperhomocysteinemia and a significant protein C deficiency (39%). Days after nephrectomy she suffered a femoral vein thrombosis and anticoagulation was prescribed for life.
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PMID:[Renal artery thrombosis after withdrawal from anticoagulation therapy in a kidney transplant recipient with thrombophilia: report of one case]. 1736 90

End-stage renal disease (ESRD), due to its high morbidity and mortality as well as social and financial implications, is a major public health problem. Outcome depends not only on different modalities of treatment like hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, but also on existing co-morbidities, age, duration on dialysis, supportive therapies and infection control strategies. Thus, a detailed study becomes necessary to improve health care delivery, provide medical care and to establish a geographical reference. The present study was undertaken to characterize the ESRD patients by their demographic and co-morbid conditions and relate this to the morbidity and mortality trends. The medical records of 110 ESRD patients seen over a five-year period (June 1995 to December 1999) in two tertiary-care hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were studied retrospectively. There were 79 (64.5%) males and 31 (35.5%) females; their age ranged from 17 to 92 years (mean age 53.8 +/- 17.8 years). Diabetes was the commonest cause of ESRD seen in 26 (26.6%) followed by nephrosclerosis, unknown etiology, lupus nephritis, pyelonephritis and primary glomerulonephritis. Diabetes mellitus was the most prevalent co-morbidity seen during the study period and occurred in 65 patients (59%) followed by heart disease in 36 (32.7%), liver disease in 30 (27.3%), cerebrovascular accidents in 13 (11.8%) and neoplasm in 11 (10%). Seven (6.3%) patients only were smokers. Hemodialysis was the most frequent treatment choice as renal replacement therapy. Among the causes of hospitalization, cardiovascular conditions were the leading single cause (19.1%), followed by access related reasons and infections (11.5% each). The overall hospitalization rate was 11.2 days/year. The overall mortality rate was 8.07 deaths/year. The leading cause of death was cardiovascular in 15 (51.7%) followed by unknown/sudden death in eight (27.5%). Other causes of death included fluid overload, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, septicemia, liver disease and pulmonary embolism. Diabetes was the commonest co-morbid cause among the deceased. Old age, diabetes mellitus, prolonged duration on dialysis and cardiac diseases were the common causes of mortality. Our findings are consistent with worldwide reports. The study provides a reference data and will hopefully be helpful in improving the medical care.
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PMID:Morbidity and mortality in ESRD patients on dialysis. 1766 Jun 70

Background. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is today one of the most frequently performed major surgical operations in orthopedics. Although it is the standard method of treatment for advanced degenerative changes in the joint, the operation is accompanied by a high risk of thromboembolic complications. Material and methods. The present study is a retrospective analysis of two groups of THA patients. Group I consisted of 80 patients (average age 62) operated 1980-1983, for whom no prophylaxis was applied. In Group II, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) was applied pre- and postoperatively. This group consisted of 94 patients (average age 63.5) operated in the year 1998. Thromboembolic complications were diagnosed on the basis of reported symptoms, physical examinations and additional tests (chest x-ray, EKG, gasometry). Results. In Group I there were 11 complications (13.75%), including 10 cases (91%) of deep venous thromboembolic disease of the lower extremities (DVT) and 1 case (9%) of pulmonary embolism (PE), while in Group II there were only 2 complications (2.1%), 1 DVT and 1 PE. The difference between groups was statistically significant. The risk factors for venous thromboembolic disease were analyzed. In both study groups, the predominant risk factors were prolonged duration of surgery and diabetes accompanied by venous insufficiency. Conclusions. The results of our analysis showed that the use of DVT prophylaxis with low-molecular heparin in the preoperative and postoperative period reduced the occurrence of thromboembolic complications.
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PMID:Thromboembolic complications after total hip arthroplasty and prevention of thrombosis: own experience. 1767 66

As arterial and venous thrombosis share common risk factors, a link between arterial and venous thrombosis has been suggested recently. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of established cardiovascular risk factors on the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE). With a cross-sectional study design, we analyzed the data of 1006 patients (582 F, 424 M) consecutively treated in our outpatient department for VTE (i.e. lower extremity deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism) and registered in the MAISTHRO (MAin-ISar-THROmbosis) database. Of the total cohort, 324 (32.2%) patients suffered a recurrent VTE. Compared with the patients with a single thromboembolic event, patients with recurrent VTE were more frequently male (39.4 vs. 27.0%, P < 0.001). In univariate analysis, the relative risk of recurrent VTE was 1.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.53-2.39] for male sex and 1.6 (1.25-1.95) for age over 50 years (PAOD). After adjustments for age, sex, thrombophilia and other common VTE risk factors, male sex [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.7 (1.38-21.9)] and arterial hypertension [HR = 1.4 (1.05-1.78)] were independent risk factors of recurrent VTE. The higher risk in men than in women persisted even after the exclusion of women with transient hormonal risk factors [HR = 1.57 (1.19-2.07)]. In contrast, no association between the presence of diabetes, obesity, hypercholesterolemia or smoking and the risk of VTE recurrence was observed. Male sex and arterial hypertension are independently associated with an increased risk of recurrent VTE after termination of anticoagulant therapy for the first VTE event.
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PMID:Impact of sex and traditional cardiovascular risk factors on the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism: results from the German MAISTHRO Registry. 1827 38

An 85-year-old lady with type 2 diabetes mellitus of 32 years duration with peripheral neuropathy was admitted under the vascular surgeons with extensive gangrene of her lower limb. She was on insulin for the last 7 years. Initial investigations showed normal serum electrolytes. She was started on antibiotics and unfractionated heparin, and her electrolytes showed hyperkalemia, which persisted on active treatment. Her short synacthen test showed good response, renin was normal with low aldosterone, urinary pH, sodium, potassium and osmolality was normal. On stopping heparin serum, potassium became normal. On restarting heparin (low molecular weight) during a suspected episode of pulmonary embolism, she developed hyperkalemia and heparin was stopped. Her potassium and aldosterone became normal on discontinuation of heparin. She developed hyperkalemia with both unfractionated and low molecular weight heparin.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008 May
PMID:Heparin-induced hyperkalemia. 1834 25

We investigate whether preadmission hyperglycemia is a risk factor for developing in-hospital symptomatic pulmonary embolism after major orthopedic surgery. Medical records of patients undergoing total hip or total knee arthroplasty from January 2001 to April 2006 were reviewed. The incidence of PE was 1.47% (107/7282 patients). Multivariate analysis showed that preadmission blood glucose (BG) of at least 200 mg/dL independently increased the risk of pulmonary embolism by 3.19 times (P = .015), when compared with patients with BG of less than 110 mg/dL. Other significant risks factors were age (>or=70 years old), body mass index of more than 30 kg/m(2), and congestive heart failure. Total knee had 2.19 times (P = .002) more risk than total hip arthroplasty and bilateral procedure increased the risk by 2.13 times (P = .015). Sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists status, duration of surgery, malignancy, pulmonary disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, sleep apnea, and stroke were not found to be significant risk factors for pulmonary embolism.
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PMID:Preadmission hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for in-hospital symptomatic pulmonary embolism after major orthopedic surgery. 1905 17

Free-floating right heart thrombus can be seen in 4% to 18% of patients presenting with acute pulmonary embolism. A 76-year-old man was admitted to the intensive coronary care unit due to resting dyspnea and pleuritic pain of sudden onset, raising a high suspicion of acute pulmonary embolism. A recent coronary angiogram showed a 50% stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. He had diabetes and hypertension for more than 10 years, but no history of venous thromboembolism. Bed-side transthoracic echocardiography revealed dilated right heart chambers, and a huge (78x12 mm) mobile mass in the inferior vena cava. We witnessed the migration of the thrombus from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium. The thrombus then totally lodged in the right atrial cavity and protruded into the right ventricle. Surgical removal of the thrombus was decided. However, during induction of anesthesia, cardiac arrest developed. All resuscitation efforts including open heart massage were unsuccessful. The thrombotic material removed from the right atrium was 150 mm in length. Pathological examination showed the mass to be a thrombus.
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PMID:Witnessed migration of a giant, free-floating thrombus into the right atrium during echocardiography, leading to fatal pulmonary embolism. 1922 52

Ischemia modified albumin (IMA) is a new biological marker for early identification of chest pain and ruling out myocardial infarction among patients with acute syndromes submitting to emergency department. Recently IMA has been investigated in the light of other cardiac markers (cTnT, CK-MBmas, NT-proBNP) in various states of ischemia (acute coronary syndromes, after percutaneous coronary intervention, in coronary vasospasm). Ischemia modified albumin levels were elevated in these states what suggests myocardial ischemia. However decrease in IMA concentration after exercise-induced skeletal muscle ischemia still remains unclear. Increased IMA concentration in patients with acute ischemic stroke and exposed to trauma limits its ability for detection myocardial ischemia. Specificity of IMA measurement is limited also in patients with peripheral vascular disease, systemic sclerosis, diabetes, end stage renal disease, pulmonary embolism and other pathological states with accompanying oxidative stress.
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PMID:[Ischemia modified albumin--specific marker in cardiological diagnostics?]. 1932 66

Recent advances in the management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) have both improved diagnostic accuracy as well as made management algorithms safer and more accessible. Physicians need to more frequently consider PE in patients with chest pain or dyspnea and should be aware of the proper diagnostic approach. Diagnostic strategies should include pretest clinical probability, D-dimer assays, and imaging tests. Although it has been proven that the use of algorithms result in better outcomes, there are patient-specific issues that must be considered. Approaches that use computed tomographic pulmonary angiography or ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scanning appear equally safe, but each approach has advantages and disadvantages that should be appreciated to provide the best care. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating whether these diagnostic processes can be made even easier and less expensive. Importantly, patients at low risk with a negative D-dimer can avoid imaging tests and those at moderate risk with a negative high sensitivity D-dimer can have venous thromboembolism excluded without the need for imaging. However, these patients also represent those most likely to have false-positive tests and clinically irrelevant PE. V/Q scanning may be more appropriate in premenopausal women, in those with renal dysfunction or diabetes, in those with known contrast allergies, and perhaps in patients with known family history of breast cancer. As with any illness, there is room for improvement in the management of PE, but it remains unknown whether preventive measures, diagnosis, treatment modalities, or physician or patient education should be the focus.
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PMID:Pulmonary embolism: a clinician's perspective. 1933 34

(1) Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are placed in the uterine cavity with the objective of providing long-term contraception, mainly by preventing fertilisation. The best-known IUDs contain copper, but there is also an IUD delivering levonorgestrel, a progestin; (2) How effective are these devices, and what are their adverse effects? To answer these questions, we analysed the literature using the standard Prescrire methodology; (3) T-shaped copper IUDs, with a copper surface area of 380 mm2 on 3 arms, and the levonorgestrel-releasing device, have similar contraceptive efficacy as combined oral contraceptives that are used correctly. In contrast, IUDs are more effective than oral contraception used incorrectly; (4) Among IUD users, there are on average about 6 pregnancies per 1000 woman-years. There is less experience with the levonorgestrel IUD which seems to be at least as effective as copper IUDs; (5) The rare intrauterine pregnancies that occur in women using an IUD generally end in miscarriage. About 25% of these pregnancies end in a live birth if the device is left in place, compared to about 90% if the device is removed; (6) Ectopic pregnancies are rarer in IUD users than in women who do not use contraception. However, about one in 20 pregnancies that occur in women using an IUD is ectopic; (7) The IUD is expelled in about 5% to 10% of cases within 5 years, and expulsion recurs in about 30% of these women; (8) Problems such as difficult insertion, pain, bleeding and syncope are reported in less than 1.5% of cases overall; (9) Uterine perforation during insertion is rare, occurring in 0.6 to 16 cases per 1000 insertions, regardless of the type of IUD. The risk of perforation is higher when the IUD is inserted less than 4 to 6 weeks after delivery or elective abortion; (10) During the first 3 months after insertion, the risk of pelvic infection is slightly higher than in the general population, especially in women with pre-existing asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infection. There are about 6 pelvic infections per 1000 woman-years of IUD use. Routine antibiotic prophylaxis is unnecessary. The interview and physical examination may lead to diagnosis of C. trachomatis infection or other sexually transmitted infections. In these cases, treatment may be needed before IUD insertion. Women must be warned that IUDs do not protect them from sexually transmitted diseases; (11) Menstrual bleeding is often heavier in women with cooper IUDs than in women who do not use IUDs, and may be associated with menstrual pain; (12) The levonorgestrel IUD is associated with a marked reduction in menstrual blood loss and irregular bleeding; amenorrhoea occurs in 35% of women after 2 years of use. The levonorgestrel IUD also has hormonal adverse effects such as headache, acne, breast tension and functional ovarian cysts; (13) IUDs can safely be used in breastfeeding women, immediately after a pregnancy, in cases of diabetes or HIV infection, during nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy, and after an ectopic pregnancy. The only problems occurring in women who have never had children are pain during insertion and more frequent expulsions; (14) A copper IUD is a first-line contraceptive method for women with a history of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or coronary events; (15) It is better to postpone IUD insertion when the woman has a genital tract infection or unexplained vaginal bleeding; (16) IUD insertion is an effective alternative to "morning-after" hormonal contraception.
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PMID:Intrauterine devices: an effective alternative to oral hormonal contraception. 1963 36


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