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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of alloxan-induced diabetes on ovulation and other ovarian responses were investigated in immature rats injected with PMS gonadotropin (PMSG, 15 IU/100 g) on day 30 of age. Rats were killed on day 32 (presumed proestrus) or on day 33, at which time the oviducts were examined for ova. Ovarian weight gain was similar in control and diabetic rats and Graafian follicles were present in both groups on day 32. None of the diabetic rats ovulated while 96% of the control rats ovulated. Anovulation in diabetic rats could not be attributed to a drug side-effect of alloxan or to a lack of ovarian responsiveness, as 90% of the animals ovulated after treatment with insulin or with hCG (5 IU). Measurements of serum estradiol and LH on the morning of presumed proestrus revealed that concentrations of these hormones were not different in control and diabetic rats. However, measurements of LH in blood samples taken in the afternoon from control rats showed an LH surge, whereas no LH surge was found in diabetic rats. Thus, anovulation in immature diabetic rats treated with PMSG is not caused by an attenuation of ovarian responsiveness or by decreased secretion of estradiol, but rather is due to the loss of the LH surge.
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PMID:Etiology of anovulation in the immature alloxan-diabetic rat treated with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin: absence of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge. 74 54

Copper IUDs, oral contraceptives, "morning-after' pills and injectables are discussed in general in this review. Small IUDs are less effective, but better tolerated. An exception is the Dalkon shield, which is no longer manufactured because several women died from latent infections when they became pregnant. The Copper T IUD is tolerated much better than the Copper 7, and has only a 3% failure rate. Copper Ts must be replaced every 2 years, however, and are difficult to remove. A beneficial effect of IUDs is cure of uterine adhesions; a subjective side effect if discomfort reported by husbands. Strict contraindications or oral contraceptives are history of cholostatic jaundice of pregnancy, thromboembolism, essential hypertension, tension, diabetes, gynecologic cancer and pregnancy. Relative contraindications are hyperthyroidism, hyperlipidemia, and depression. Depressions occuring soon after starting pills may be due to unconscious rejection; those appearing later may be due to the progestagen itself. The subjective sequelae of pills are more likely in maternal women, women raised to feel guilty for using contraception, women susceptible to believing sensational media reports about pills, and women dominated by their husband's views. Pills are beneficial for essential dysmenorrhea, menstrual irregularity, premenstrual syndrome, depression, frigidity due to fear of pregnancy, uterine hypotrophy, ovarian cyst, certain ovarian dystrophies such as Stein Levinthan syndrome, menopausal symptoms, acne and hirsutism. The morning after pill, 5 mg ethinyl estradiol for 3 consecutive days, is indicated only in exceptional cases such as rape. Injectables are more suitable for those who desire long-term contraception and whose who want no more children. A lower cancer rate has been reported for users of depot progestagens than for women notu sing contraception.
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PMID:[Subjective and objective aspects of modern methods of contraception]. 114 75

Magnesium is an important element for health and disease. Magnesium, the second most abundant intracellular cation, has been identified as a cofactor in over 300 enzymatic reactions involving energy metabolism and protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Approximately half of the total magnesium in the body is present in soft tissue, and the other half in bone. Less than 1% of the total body magnesium is present in blood. Nonetheless, the majority of our experimental information comes from determination of magnesium in serum and red blood cells. At present, we have little information about equilibrium among and state of magnesium within body pools. Magnesium is absorbed uniformly from the small intestine and the serum concentration controlled by excretion from the kidney. The clinical laboratory evaluation of magnesium status is primarily limited to the serum magnesium concentration, 24-hour urinary excretion, and percent retention following parenteral magnesium. However, results for these tests do not necessarily correlate with intracellular magnesium. Thus, there is no readily available test to determine intracellular/total body magnesium status. Magnesium deficiency may cause weakness, tremors, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia. The causes of hypomagnesemia are reduced intake (poor nutrition or IV fluids without magnesium), reduced absorption (chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, or bypass/resection of bowel), redistribution (exchange transfusion or acute pancreatitis), and increased excretion (medication, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, renal tubular disorders, hypercalcemia, hyperthyroidism, aldosteronism, stress, or excessive lactation). A large segment of the U.S. population may have an inadequate intake of magnesium and may have a chronic latent magnesium deficiency that has been linked to atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hypertension, cancer, kidney stones, premenstrual syndrome, and psychiatric disorders. Hypermagnesemia is primarily seen in acute and chronic renal failure, and is treated effectively by dialysis.
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PMID:Magnesium metabolism in health and disease. 328 51

This article reviews the impact of metabolic disorders on vestibular function. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of glucose metabolism that can be associated with vestibular dysfunction. Vertigo can be alleviated by diet management in many cases. Elevated levels of blood lipids have been implicated in cochleovestibular disorders. Treatment with a lipid-lowering drug has resulted in improved auditory and vestibular function in a placebo-controlled trial. Hypothyroidism may affect different parts of the vestibular system depending on the severity and duration of thyroid deficiency. Severe congenital hypothyroidism can cause central vestibular disorders affecting the cerebellum, whereas mild hypothyroidism may result in peripheral vestibulopathy. Endogenous alterations in concentrations of estrogen and progesterone in the premenstrual syndrome or with the use of exogenous hormones such as oral contraceptives may trigger vertigo. Metabolic evaluations for unexplained vertigo should include a lipoprotein profile, with cholesterol and triglyceride levels, glucose tolerance test, and thyroid hormone measurements. Nutritional and drug therapy may be useful to reverse the vestibular dysfunction.
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PMID:Metabolic disorders of the vestibular system. 857 Feb 43

We assessed the effect of dipyridamole, RA-642 and mopidamol, on lenticular opacities in a model of experimental diabetic cataracts in rats. All three pyrimido-pyrimidine derivatives caused a statistically significant reduction of opacification in crystalline lens as compared with untreated diabetic animals. The production of superoxide anions (phenazine methosulphate [PMS]-induced nitroblue tetrazolium [NBT] reduction) showed a decrease of 81.6%, 78.9% and 1.8% in lens tissue homogenates from rats treated with dipyridamole, RA-642 and mopidamol, respectively. Dipyridamole and RA-642 produced a statistically significant inhibition (50% and 64.8%, respectively) of lipid peroxidation (ferrous sulphate and ascorbic acid [FeAs]-induced malondialdehyde [MDA] production) as compared with the group of untreated diabetic rats. Mopidamol did not exert any inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation. There was a statistically significant correlation between opacification of lens and PMS-induced NBT reduction and FeAs-induced MDA production. We conclude that the protective effect of dipyridamole and RA-642 from free radical damage to crystalline lens in the model of experimental diabetes used in this study, is the result of the antioxidant action of these compounds. The effect exerted by mopidamol, however, suggest a possible complementary effect of the pyrimido-pyrimidine derivatives through interaction with other mechanisms (e.g., the sorbitol pathway) implicated in the development of cataracts.
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PMID:The pyrimido-pyrimidine derivatives, dipyridamole and RA-642, reduce opacification of crystalline lens in diabetic rats. 787 Jun 94

Four hundred and six insulin-dependent diabetic women completed a Menstrual Health Questionnaire published in Balance. Sixty-seven percent of women experienced changes in blood glucose levels or glycosuria premenstrually and 70% during the menstrual phase. Changes were more common in women who regarded themselves as suffering from premenstrual syndrome. Those experiencing premenstrual craving for sweet foods tended to have higher blood glucose levels or more glycosuria at those times. This may be a consequence of some women indulging their craving. Premenstrual symptoms were not caused by hypoglycaemia. When compared with age-matched non-diabetic women responding to a similar questionnaire, the diabetic women had a later menarche and, among those not on steroidal contraceptives, were more likely to report very irregular menstrual cycles. Among those regarding themselves as sufferers of premenstrual syndrome, diabetic women had less severe premenstrual symptoms than non-diabetic women. When women from these two self-designated premenstrual [corrected] syndrome suffering groups were matched for severity of premenstrual depression, differences still persisted in the severity of some symptoms perimenstrually, raising the possibility that in some way diabetes may alter women's experience of menstrual cycle-related symptoms.
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PMID:Perimenstrual symptoms in women with diabetes mellitus and the relationship to diabetic control. 833 24

In the introduction it is noted that, in the physiopathology, specific pathogenetic elements are missing concerning irritative stimulation, turbid fat pathosis, digital hippocratism of chronic affections (for example, pulmonary affections), the most frequent onset of telarche and of the swelling of the areola of the breast on the left hemithorax in the premenstrual syndrome, fibrosis, cyrrosis, certain types of insipid diabetes, etc. In the opinion of the author, the use of chloropromazine, in doses that have proved to be harmless, has contributed to the clearing up of some questions concerning a few pathologies of internal organs: the liver, the spleen, the brain-and enable us to pose some hypotheses about the swelling of the liver, the origin of scleroses and cirrhoses and some splenic and encephalic swellings. The author suggests that the fundamental reason is to be sought in changes in the microcirculation which are linked to insufficient capillary and sinusoidal circulation. Two cases of insipid diabetes are mentioned which were treated with chloropromazine and for which an improvement in the trophism of the diencephalic cells was hypothesized, due to an improvement in the local circulation. A similar physiopathological microcirculatory behaviour is attributed to digital hippocratism, the P. Marie and Bamberger syndrome (similar to those determined by cyanotic congenital cardiopathies), both due to chronic suppurative processes, and the slightly more frequent onset of telarche on the left hemithorax. It is expected that other pathologies may be explained by a similar physiopathological mechanism, malignant tumor inclusive.
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PMID:[A pathogenetic hypothesis based on the use of chlorpromazine of organic disorders probably due to microcirculatory changes]. 841 78

We have studied the activity of S-21663 (PMS 812), a new imidazoline derivative, in a rat model of Type II diabetes obtained by i.v. injection of a low dose (35 mg/kg) of streptozotocin, using glucose tolerance tests. Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion were measured as the delta G and the delta l, i.e., the respective increase in glycemia and insulinemia over 30 min after the glucose load. The rate of glucose disappearance was calculated as the K coefficient and the insulin response to glucose as the delta l/delta G. After i.p. injection of S-21663, delta G (millimoles per liter per minute) was decreased (71.7 +/- 10.1 vs. 112.6 +/- 15.1; P < .05), whereas K was increased (3.3 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.1; P < .05). Insulin secretion was also largely improved (delta l/delta G: 90.9 +/- 22.2 vs. 18.3 +/- 2.6; P < .05). Oral administration of the product was almost as efficient as i.p. injection. Chronic treatment (15 days) increased the efficiency. Insulin secretion measured in vitro at both 2.8 and 16.6 mM glucose was quadrupled by S-21663 (100 microM). S-21663 binds neither to alpha-2 adrenoceptors nor to known imidazoline binding sites. S-21663 can be considered as a potential hypoglycemic agent in Type II diabetes.
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PMID:Effect of S-21663 (PMS 812), an imidazoline derivative, on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in a rat model of type II diabetes. 876 38

Although an individual assessment of the risks and benefits is always essential, combined, low-dose oral contraceptives (OCs) are an effective method of fertility control, even for women with chronic medical problems. In addition to contraception, therapeutic uses of combined OCs include acne, anovulatory uterine bleeding, control of bleeding with blood dyscrasias, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, hirsutism, hypothalamic amenorrhea, ovarian hormone replacement, polycystic ovarian syndrome, premenstrual syndrome, and recurrent functional ovarian cysts. This article presents guidelines for clinicians on the selection of combined OC users, counseling, contraindications, and management of adverse effects. It further outlines general considerations for the prescription of combined OCs to women with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, migraine headaches, and epilepsy.
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PMID:Combination oral contraceptives. 917 54

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a recurrent disorder that occurs in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. It is characterized by intense physical, psychologic, and behavioral changes that interrupt interpersonal relationships and disrupt the lives of affected women. Up to 40% of women of childbearing age have some form of PMS, and up to 10% have severe signs and symptoms. There are at least four types of PMS, each with its own constellation of signs and symptoms. Related illnesses or illnesses that need to be ruled out include diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, hypoglycemia, and primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. Difficulty in identifying the exact etiology of the disorder is documented. Diagnostic issues include confusion over exact signs and symptoms, differential diagnoses, pertinent laboratory data, careful history taking, and the importance of women recording a menstrual cycle history on a calendar. Recommended first-line treatments include a diet low in salt, fat, caffeine, and sugar; an aerobic exercise regimen; and stress reduction via changes in lifestyle.
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PMID:Premenstrual syndrome: diagnosis and intervention. 977 69


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