Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The efficacy of correlating the L/S ratio in the amniotic fluid with fetal lung maturity has been substantiated in normal pregnancies. In gestations complicated by fetomaternal diseases, however, the assay is less reliable. This study involves 555 pregnancies in which there was a significant maternal, fetal, or placental disorder. The L/S ratio was related to fetal respiratory maturity as measured by Dubowitz criteria and the occurrence of RDS. The results show that pre-eclampsia, chronic hypertension, diabetes (Class D, E, F), significant cardiovascular disease, severe hemoglobinopathies, various congenital anomalies, chronic placental insufficiency, and prolonged ruptured membranes accelerated the L/S ration. Conversely, mild diabetes (Class B, C), intrinsic renal disease, hepatitis, collagen disease, hydrops fetalis, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis were associated with a delay in the L/S ratio. A significant increase in erroneous responses was noted in these patients when the L/S ratio was correlated to infant maturity and to the incidence of RDS. Possible mechanisms for these findings are discussed.
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PMID:The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in cases associated with fetomaternal disease. 57 73

The results of 2 studies to determine the relationship between hormonal contraceptive (h.c.) use, hypertension, and nephritis are reported. 828 women, 16-50 years of age, were divided into 3 groups. 1 group had never used h.c.s., 1 group was presently using h.c.s., and 1 group had used h.c.s. for the last time more than a year prior to the study. Women 26-35 years of age who were using h.c.s. at the time of the study more often developed hypertension than other groups. The h.c. users who developed hypertension more often had a family history of hypertension or diabetes mellitus, more often had diabetes themselves, and more often suffered from preeclampsia or eclampsia during pregnancy. In a second study, ethinyl estradiol, norethisterone acetate, epsilon aminocapronic acid, desoxycorticosterone acetate, and table salt were administered singly or in combinations to 2 groups of rats. In one group, a Goldblatt-type hypertension was induced with a clamp on the nephric artery. No increase in blood pressure was observed in animals which received only an estrogenic or progestagenic agent. Significant increases in blood pressure were observed in animals that were given combinations of estrogenic and progestagenic agents, however. Significantly increased plasma-resin activity was observed in all animals which were given estrogen, while animals receiving desoxycorticosterone acetate showed a highly significant decrease in plasma-renin activity.
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PMID:[Oral contraceptives, hypertension and nephrosclerosis]. 62 80

The contraction stress test (CST) has become widely used to assess antepartum fetal well-being over the past 5 years. A summary of 14 reports in the literature revealed seven fetal deaths in 1739 patients within 1 week of a negative CST, an incidence of 0.4%. This prompted an investigation of our results for comparison. During the period January 1, 1975, to February 28, 1977, 746 patients underwent 1119 CSTs. Seven fetal deaths occurred in 680 patients within 1 week of a negative CST, an incidence of 1.0%. Although maternal conditions associated with fetal demise within 1 week of a negative CST include diabetes mellitus, prolonged pregnancy, chronic hypertension, and pre-eclampsia, fetal death in most instances resulted from factors other than uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI). Conditions commonly associated with fetal demise following a negative CST were umbilical cord accidents, severe congenital anomalies, and abruptio placentae. The low incidence of fetal death after a negative CST supports continued use of the CST in evaluation of high-risk pregnancies.
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PMID:Fetal demise following negative contraction stress tests. 66 43

Amniotic fluid creatinine, percentage of lipid-positive cells, and L/S ratio were determined on 285 samples from normal pregnancies and 222 samples from abnormal pregnancy states (Rh isoimmunization, diabetes, hypertensive disorders, intrauterine growth retardation, and hydramnios). In normal pregnancy the coefficient of correlation between true gestational age and estimated period of gestation (EPG) based on the three parameters was 0.94, in Rh isoimmunization 0.77, in diabetes 0.67, and in hypertensive disorders 0.59. In intrauterine growth retardation both the L/S ratio and creatinine were depressed, the coefficient was 0.61, and the EPG was consistently less than the true gestational age. The mean L/S ratio in pre-eclampsia was slightly below the normal mean and in diabetes the mean L/S ratio was also depressed. In 150 samples taken within 48 hours of delivery L/S ratios were accurate in assessing fetal pulmonary maturity although there was a 20 per cent incidence over all of false-immature values. There were no false-mature values except in diabetes (2/9).
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PMID:Amniotic fluid tests for fetal maturity in normal and abnormal pregnancies. 82 Feb

Toxemia of pregnancy was associated with an elevation of the pregnancy-associated plasma protein (PAPP)-A concentration, as compared to the level in normal pregnancy in the last month of gestation. The other pregnancy proteins measured were not altered in toxemia. In twin pregnancies, the PAPP-A, PAPP-C, and human placental lactogen levels were all increased, particularly PAPP-A. On the other hand, pregnancy zone protein was not affected by twinning. Pregnancy with diabetes showed normal levels of these proteins.
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PMID:Plasma concentrations of four pregnancy proteins in complications of pregnancy. 87 49

Cortisol concentrations in umbilical cord plasma at birth were determined in association with pregnancy complications which may affect the time of pulmonary maturation of the fetus or otherwise influence its survival. No statistically significant change in these cortisol levels was observed in either term or premature pregnancies with the following complications: maternal disorder (preeclampsia, diabetes, pruritus), prolonged rupture of membranes, antenatal isoxsuprine treatment, maternal cigarette smoking, and neonatal asphyxia. Significant increases were observed in premature births in association with intrauterine fetal growth retardation and with the appearance of meconium. Cortisol concentrations in more severe forms of diabetes were significantly less than in Class A diabetes, in premature cases, and also tended to be low in association with various fetal congenital abnormalities. The possible physiologic significance of these results is discussed.
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PMID:Umbilical cord plasma cortisol levels in association with pregnancy complications. 89

The quantity and distribution of glycogen has been studied in 86 placentae from the last trimester of pregnancy and 8 of 8 to 16 weeks gestational age. In the first trimester glycogen concentrations were high, between 4-5 to 6-5 mg/g of blood-free tissue, but from about 12 weeks to term the concentrations were within a narrow range around 1-5 mg/g. The level did not deviate appreciably from normal in a range of clinical conditions: diabetes, intrauterine growth retardation, pre-eclampsia or acute fetal distress, and was unaffected by the length of labour and whether or not the mother had been given an infusion of dextrose. Nor was it affected by a wide range of glucose concentrations in the maternal and fetal plasma and in the placental tissue itself or by insulin concentrations in either circulation. After the first few weeks of pregnancy glycogen in the placenta was shown to be restricted to the vicinity of major fetal blood vessels. Here it may be presumed to act as an energy reserve for vasomotor activity. All the evidence suggests that any importance placental glycogen may have is likely to be local, in relation to the placental vessels; a more general role, as an emergency energy source for the fetus, seems unlikely.
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PMID:Placental glycogen. 94 72

Few studies of the histopathological features of the placenta in cases of fetal death are available. We will describe the placental findings from 24 midtrimester spontaneous abortions and 54 stillborn infants of more than 28 weeks' gestation. In almost 100% of midtrimester abortions and in 48% of the placentas from stillborn infants of more than 28 weeks' gestation, chorioamnionitis, deciduitis, and/or villitis were present. Because of this very high percentage of lesions, which suggests an infectious causation, it is mandatory that studies be performed that might identify pathogens. One third of the stillborn infants of more than 28 weeks' gestation were associated with maternal complications (diabetes, preeclampsia, and urinary tract infection), in addition to placental fetal vasculopathy, ischemia, infarcts, and chorangiosis (villous capillary hyperplasia). We emphasize the use of the placenta for the recognition of maternal diabetes.
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PMID:Pathological features of the placenta in fetal death. 94 56

In order to compare the predictive efficacies of serum estriol and urinary estrogen excretion in early diagnosis of fetal distress, 255 patients with normal (N = 128) or complicated (N = 127) pregnancies were monitored with simultaneous determinations of serum estriol (radioimmunoassay) and urinary estrogen excretion/24 h (colorimetric method) after the 32nd week of pregnancy. There was no difference in the efficacies of these tests. Out of all 43 fetal distress cases, 40% were predicted by serum estriol and 33% urinary estrogens. In pre-eclampsia, the respective findings were 56% and 50%. Fetal distress was the most probable (88%) when both of the tests were low at the same time. In pregnancies complicated with diabetes or rhesus immunization both tests revealed normal findings apart from the presence of fetoplacental dysfunction. The choice between these tests must be based on other factors than the diagnostic accuracy.
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PMID:Comparison between serum estriol and urinary estrogens as indices of fetoplacental function. 99 60

The excretion of estriol into the maternal urine is an effective means of evaluating the fetus in pregnancies complicated by a number of metabolic disorders, such as chronic hypertension, renal disease, pre-eclampsia, etc. It is generally used in the management of pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes mellitus even though some question has been raised as to its validity for this disorder. In this study we have evaluated estriol precursors in the form of 17-ketosteroids in the urine of pregnant women with mild diabetes mellitus as well as a non-diabetic control group. Urinary total estrogen excretion was also determined. Diabetics were found to excrete significantly higher amounts of 17-ketosteroids than the non-diabetic group. The possible significance of this finding in relation to the dynamics of estriol production in pregnancy is discussed.
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PMID:Urinary 17-ketosteroids in diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancies. 102 54


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