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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The blood flow volume at the laminar portion of the optic nerve head in alloxan-induced diabetic and normal rabbits was measured employing the hydrogen clearance method. Ten 6-month-old albino rabbits (10 eyes) were rendered diabetic with 10% alloxan monohydrate solution (80 mg/kg, injection into the auricular vein). The rabbits with nonfasting blood glucose levels of more than 200 mg/dl and showing no significant electroretinographic abnormalities during 24 weeks were treated as the diabetic group in this study. At intraocular pressure (IOP) levels from 5 to 15 mmHg, the mean blood flow volume in the diabetic group was almost the same as the volume in the age-matched control group (11 eyes of 11 rabbits). But when the IOP was raised to 25, 35, and 45 mmHg in a stepwise fashion, the mean blood flow volume in the diabetic group significantly decreased, compared with the control group. These findings suggest that blood microcirculation in the optic nerve head may be damaged by ocular hypertension in the early stage of diabetes mellitus without retinopathy.
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PMID:[Optic nerve head circulation in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits]. 770 86

In 148 healthy volunteers and 75 older patients the physiological aqueous humor secretion was calculated during the afternoon hours (13.00 to 20.00 hours) using the anterior chamber protocol of Fluorotron Master II (Coherent, Palo Alto, USA). Fluorescein eye drops were applied topically to each eye five times, 5 h before measurements. Healthy volunteers as well as patients had no history of ocular pathology, surgery or laser treatment. Further exclusion criteria were hypertension, diabetes, local and systemic drug therapy, neoplasia, kidney or liver diseases, contact lens, ocular trauma. Mean age of volunteers was 26.5 +/- 3.8 years; mean age of patients was 65.5 +/- 10.5 years. The aqueous humor flow in healthy volunteers (mean +/- standard deviation) was 2.26 +/- 1.0 microliters/min and in the older patients 1.91 +/- 1.1 microliters/min. Correlation coefficient between right and left eyes in the younger volunteers: r = 0.8; in the older patients: r = 0.54. The Mann-Whitney-U-test revealed a significant difference comparing mean aqueous humor flow in healthy volunteers with the mean aqueous humor flow in older patients (P < 0.01). The results in our study underline that the mean aqueous secretion does decrease with age of about 2.5% per decade. However, to date we do not know whether eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension show such a decrease in aqueous humor flow with age or whether there is an autoregulation mechanism in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma that decreases aqueous humor secretion in relation to an increase of outflow facility.
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PMID:[Physiologic aging in aqueous humor minute volume of the human eye]. 781 85

Iris defects occur in pseudophakic patients with posterior chamber intraocular lens in sulcus. Prevalence of pigmentary dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma has been evaluated in 920 pseudophakic patients (920 eyes). 16.08% of patients showed pigment dispersion syndrome, while 1.96% developed pigmentary glaucoma. Diabetic patients had a statistically significant greater prevalence of these complications than non-diabetic ones (p < 0.05). The authors suggest the preventive use of alpha-blockers in presence of pigment dispersion syndrome or diabetes mellitus, even in absence of ocular hypertension.
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PMID:Iris chafing in pseudophakia. 783 82

A case-control study was planned as a part of the Casteldaccia Eye Study in order to investigate about risk factors of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Cases were 44 subjects with glaucoma or intraocular pressure of 24 mm Hg or more. Controls were 220 subjects with intraocular pressure of 20 mm Hg or less and no signs of glaucoma. A number of environmental, behavioral, systemic and ocular variables were studied. Among the others we investigated the following: sunlight exposure, smoking, alcohol intake, pregnancies, systemic hypertension, diabetes, use of corticosteroids, refractive status, anterior chamber depth, lens nuclear sclerosis, iris color and texture. After univariate analysis the use of ocular corticosteroids and antibiotics, myopia, shallow anterior chamber and myopic macular degeneration were associated with ocular hypertension or glaucoma. However, the logistic regression showed that only the use of ocular corticosteroids (odds ratio = 7.79) and the myopia (odds ratio = 5.56) were independently associated.
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PMID:Risk factors of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. The Casteldaccia Eye Study. 792 48

A pilot study was carried out to determine the prevalence of ophthalmic disease in the Indian community of Southall and to ascertain the best methods applicable for a larger formal study. Three sites were chosen for the study, a Sikh gurdwara, a mosque and a Hindu temple. The subjects were volunteers aged 30 years and over who had visited the appropriate place of worship at least twice in the previous month. A total of 184 subjects were examined. The prevalence of blindness was 2.7% by the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, while 9.8% had uniocular blindness. The prevalence of glaucoma and ocular hypertension was 2.7% and 7%, respectively. Of the 184 subjects examined, 58% had cataract and 3.8% had age-related maculopathy. The prevalence of visually disabling trachomatous eye disease was 9.7%. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 17.9%, and that of hypertension 22.8%. This small study suggests that people with origins from the Indian subcontinent have a higher prevalence of ophthalmic disease than the Caucasian population.
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PMID:A pilot study into the prevalence of ophthalmic disease in the Indian population of Southall. 819 34

The aim of the study was to determine whether certain factors are related to an increased risk of developing open-angle glaucoma. A total of 345 untreated glaucoma suspects with intraocular pressure (IOP) > or = 21 mmHg, cup to disc ratio 0.4 or less and no visual field defects, were followed up for 6 to 8 years (mean 7.3). During the follow-up 71 patients developed established glaucoma and were compared to the remaining 274 patients. The following factors were analysed: age, family history of glaucoma, IOP, Humphrey 30-2 visual fields, optic disc appearance, myopia, exfoliation, arterial hypertension and diabetes. Analysis yielded statistically significant results regarding a number of these factors in the patients who subsequently developed open-angle glaucoma. A significant association with the subsequent development of field loss in ocular hypertension (OHT) included: heredity (p < 0.001), age > or = 60 years (p = 0.013), axial myopia (0.001 < p < 0.01) and arterial hypertension (p = 0.05). About 20% of patients with ocular hypertension developed glaucoma over a period of seven years. Risk factors such as heredity, age, myopia and arterial hypertension, among others, must be considered in the follow-up of glaucoma suspects.
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PMID:Risk factors in ocular hypertension. 945 59

Although reports from Europe indicate a reduction in the incidence of diabetes-related visual loss, diabetic retinopathy continues to be the leading cause of blindness. One agent, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been found to stimulate angiogenesis and may be the cause of diabetic neovascularization and visual loss. New research implies that the manipulation of the VEGF pathway may be able to prevent diabetic visual loss. Type I (insulin-dependent) and type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus are different disease processes. There have been few attempts in the past to differentiate the retinopathy associated with these two distinct disorders. Recent reports indicate that these disorders have different responses to ocular therapy. Thyroid orbitopathy combined with ocular hypertension can produce true glaucoma. Nevertheless, this requires a prolonged duration of orbitopathy and most patients who have this combination will improve and not develop permanent glaucomatous changes. Similarly, the majority of Graves' disease patients develop improved function over time; however, the psychologic sequelae continue after the disease process is in remission, which warrants further studies.
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PMID:New discoveries in diabetes- and thyroid-related eye disease. 1017 5

Corticosteroids (glucocorticoids), used frequently as potent anti-inflammatory agents, increase the risk of glaucoma by raising the intraocular pressure (IOP) when administered exogenously (topically, periocularly or systemically) and in certain conditions of increased endogenous production (e.g. Cushing's syndrome). Approximately 18 to 36% of the general population are corticosteroid responders. This response is increased to 46 to 92% in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Patients over 40 years of age and with certain systemic diseases (e.g. diabetes mellitus, high myopia) as well as relatives of patients with POAG are more vulnerable to corticosteroid-induced glaucoma. The association of corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension in other conditions which are considered as risk factors for glaucoma (racial origins, hypertension, migraine, vasospasm) is likely but not fully established. The proposed mechanism of corticosteroid-induced glaucoma includes morphological and functional changes in the trabecular meshwork system and is similar to the pathogenesis of POAG. Trabecular cells exposed to corticosteroids in vitro show endoreplication of nuclei, an increase in cell size and excessive production of an approximately 56kD glycoprotein, identified as myocilin and transcribed by the GLC1A gene. Induction of ocular hypertension after corticosteroid administration depends on the specific drug, the dose, the frequency of administration and the corticosteroid responsiveness of the patient. The risk of corticosteroid-induced glaucoma can be minimised with judicious use of corticosteroids, as well as education of patients and medical practitioners. New treatment modalities include modified steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents that will have less effect on the elevation of IOP.
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PMID:Corticosteroids and glaucoma risk. 1064 55

Glaucoma, the third leading cause of blindness in the western world, is characterized by painless, gradual loss of visual fields which may lead to severe visual impairment or even blindness. In 4 years of operation of a mobile glaucoma unit for screening and early diagnosis of glaucoma, 10,037 subjects aged 18-95 years were screened (4504 women, 45%); 55% were under 50 years (Graph 1). Ocular hypertension was diagnosed in 8.0%; primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in 0.8%, with 2/3 already under treatment, the rest newly diagnosed. Pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma was diagnosed in 0.2%; only 2 cases had closed angle glaucoma; 91% of those screened were normal (Fig. 4; age stratification, Graph 3). POAG increased with age, from 0.2% in those under 40 years to 10% in those over 80; POAG was more common in men, but OHT was similar in both sexes (6.0% vs. 5.3%). There was no correlation between incidence of POAG and place of work except in the Sorek Nuclear Center (1.9% vs. 0.8%, p = 0.11). Other conditions significantly more frequent in POAG than normals were diabetes mellitus (x 2.5), systemic hypertension (x 4), myopia (x 2) and history of intraocular surgery (x 6).
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PMID:[Early detection of glaucoma by a mobile unit--results from 10,000 examinees]. 1088 8

In the present review, the methodologies and clinical applications of the visual evoked potentials (VEPs) after photostress, will be described. Photostress induces transient VEP changes consisting of an increase in response latency and a decrease in amplitude. When serial VEP recordings are obtained at discrete time intervals (i.e., every 20 s) after bleaching, the recovery of VEP waveform can be evaluated. The time needed for the VEP to recover to the pre-bleach, baseline status (recovery time after photostress) ranges in normal subjects between 68 and 78 s. Patients with different pathologies (maculopathies, ocular hypertension and glaucoma, diabetes with or without retinopathy, multiple sclerosis with optic neuritis) showed an abnormal response after photostress (higher increase in latency and decrease in amplitude and longer recovery time) with respect to age-matched controls. Our results indicate that the VEPs after photostress represent an objective, although not specific, index of the dynamic properties of macular performance after exposure to intense light stimulation.
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PMID:Electrophysiological evaluation of the macular cone adaptation: VEP after photostress. A review. 1155 88


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