Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and a history of optic neuritis were compared with MS patients who had no such history for other illnesses among themselves and their family members. Significantly more of the patients with a history of optic neuritis than of those without (70% v. 41%) were diabetic or reported that at least one first- or second-degree relative had diabetes mellitus. No differences were found with regard to any other illnesses.
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PMID:Optic neuritis, diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis: a three-way association. 635 3

This review describes the greater portion of a large number of new studies on HLA and disease association which has appeared in the literature since 1979. The majority of these are concerned with the association of certain diseases with class II major histocompatibility complex antigens. The possible biologic significance of these associations in terms of their probable etiology appears to be the prevailing theme. Current thinking regarding certain heritable diseases is described. It seems that although much has been done to resolve the genetics of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, other diseases such a multiple sclerosis still remain a mystery. Doubtlessly, much will be gained from DNA cloning and sequencing studies proposed for the future. A great deal of new information has been obtained relative to HLA itself. New loci have been postulated in the HLA-D/DR region through the use of powerful immunochemical procedures made possibly by the advent of modern technological advances. The impact of these developments on our understanding of the function of the MHC in man and its possible relationship to disease are discussed.
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PMID:HLA and disease. 643 53

There are two families of essential fatty acids, the linoleic and linolenic. Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6), found mainly in vegetable seed oils, is desaturated and elongated in the body, forming arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6). Linolenic acid (C18:3n-3), the main dietary source of which is leaves, is desaturated and elongated, forming two fatty acids that are prevalent in fish oils: timnodonic (C20:5n-3) and clupanodonic (C22:6n-3). EFA are very easily peroxidized in air, but vitamin E protects against this. There are three functions of EFA. The most important is as part of phospholipids in all animal cellular membranes: in deficiency of EFA faulty membranes are formed. A second is in the transport and oxidation of cholesterol: EFA tend to lower plasma cholesterol. A third function is as precursors of prostanoids which are only formed from EFA. Deficiency of EFA in experimental animals causes lesions mainly attributable to faulty cellular membranes: sudden failure of growth, lesions of skin and kidney and connective tissue, erythrocyte fragility, impaired fertility, uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation. In man pure deficiency of EFA has been studied particularly in persons fed intravenously. A relative deficiency (that is, a low ratio in the body of EFA to long-chain saturated fatty acids and isomers of EFA) is common on Western diets and plays an important part in the causation of atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis, multiple sclerosis, the triopathy of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and certain forms of malignant disease. Various factors affect the dietary requirement of EFA.
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PMID:Essential fatty acids in perspective. 646 3

Thirty-two patients with documented Eales' disease who have been followed-up at Johns Hopkins Hospital for periods of as long as 37 years were investigated. The previously reported association of Eales' disease with tuberculoprotein hypersensitivity was confirmed in 10 of 21 patients tested. For the first time, associated vestibuloauditory dysfunction is described. The previously reported association with multiple sclerosis was not confirmed. Eales' disease is a specific vasculopathy that can affect both the retinal and vestibuloauditory circulations. Patients with suspected Eales' disease should also be examined to rule out other diseases such as diabetes, sarcoidosis, and connective tissue diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus. This can be done by obtaining such tests as fasting blood glucose, chest radiograph, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, and LE cell preparation. Tuberculoprotein sensitivity status should be ascertained and active tuberculosis should be ruled out. The patient should be questioned regarding hearing or balance problems, and if a history suggestive of abnormalities is elicited, referral for vestibuloauditory function testing should be made.
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PMID:The evaluation of patients with Eales' disease. 667 99

A test of linkage that is exact even in small samples is developed for multiple case families, together with large-sample theory for estimation and supplementary tests. Hemochromatosis, insulin-dependent diabetes, and celiac disease are compatible with an intermediate model biased toward recessivity on the penetrance scale, whereas multiple sclerosis favors dominance and unlinked modifiers. Alternatives to the model are complex, and comparison of affected sib pairs with larger sets of relatives provides no critical evidence of epistasis. Problems of sampling and inference are discussed.
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PMID:An exact linkage test for multiple case families. 688 87

It is commonly believed that diabetic optic neuropathy is very rare and visual loss in diabetes usually is attributed to other causes. We studied the extent of optic nerve involvement in 16 diabetics with no retinopathy or ocular disease and having an almost visual acuity, using visual evoked responses produced by pattern reversal stimulation. Comparing the responses with a group of 35 healthy subjects, the latency was increased by more than one standard deviation in 13 diabetics (81%) and by more than three standard deviations in 10 diabetics (62.5%), often associated with marked reduction in amplitude. There was good correlation between conduction in the optic nerve and peripheral sensory nerve. No correlation was noted to occur with duration of diabetes or diabetic control except perhaps with juvenile onset diabetes. Normal visual acuity was noted in many cases with severely slowed conduction showing early subclinical affection of optic nerves in diabetes. The extent of central nervous system involvement in diabetes has only recently been realised because of lack of physiological techniques and study of optic nerves in diabetes has not been attempted so far. The high incidence of abnormality of visual evoked potentials in diabetes could invalidate the usefulness of this test in diagnosing multiple sclerosis.
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PMID:Visual evoked responses in diabetes. 688 2

In this review article, recent evidence is presented that some diseases like insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, and idiopathic membranous nephropathy, which are primarily associated with HLA-D,DR, are also related to the rare C2, C4, and Factor B alleles. Circumstantial evidence is available that at least some of these rare variants may be functionally deficient. Based on the concept of functionally interacting gene clusters, mutant complement genes may lead to impaired effector mechanisms in virus neutralization or lysis of virus-infected cells. Other mechanisms such as alteration of vascular permeability may be involved in the development of proliferative retinopathy and familial hypertension. In lepromatous lepra, an impaired cell-mediated lysis of M. leprae may be related to the hemolytically inactive C4F1 allelic product.
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PMID:On the significance of C2, C4, and factor B polymorphisms in disease. 701 19

Recent data from the literature on the association of HLA-DR antigens with various diseases are presented. These data indicate that many diseases show stronger associations with these antigens than with other HLA-locus antigens. Included in this group are multiple sclerosis (DR2), diabetes (DR3), and pemphigus vulgaris (DR4). In earlier studies other diseases - rheumatoid arthritis and Goodpasture's syndrome, which were not found to be associated with HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens - show associations with DR4 and DR2, respectively. If population association is due to linkage disequilibrium, then the DR locus must be closer to the hypothesized disease susceptibility genes than are other HLA loci. Examination of the family data with appropriate methods of segregation and linkage analysis could clarify the genetic bases of some of these disorders.
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PMID:HLA-DR and disease associations. 702 79

At the University of Alberta's multiple sclerosis research clinic 100 patients with multiple sclerosis were matched to control patients for age, sex, race and zone of residence before the age of 15 years. Case and control subjects were interviewed and information was collected by questionnaire on factors that might play a role in the development of multiple sclerosis. The only factors found to be significantly associated with the development of this disorder were a history of leisure time spent in physical activities before the onset of symptoms, exposure to animal illness -- specifically canine distemper -- and a history of severe or prolonged emotional stress. The study also confirmed a familial predisposition to multiple sclerosis and suggested a relation between the disorder and a personal or family history of diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:How multiple sclerosis is related to animal illness, stress and diabetes. 706 95

It is stimulating to ascertain the comparative risk to the woman of hormonal contraceptives of the various kinds used today: combination preparations, which rely on blocking the secretion of gonadotropic hormones by the hypothesis; sequential preparations, which rearrange the physiological relationships of the menstrual cycle; gestagen preparations (minipills), which heighten the viscosity of the cervical mucus; longterm injectable preparations, which initially block ovulation and then act on the cervical mucus; postcoital preparations, which act by inducing abortion of the fertilized egg. Of these the most reliable are the fixed combinations, while sequential preparations are somewhat less so. The minipills are the least reliable. Interaction with other medications can reduce the reliability of these preparations; for instance, women on contraceptives have become pregnant after taking antiepileptic medications containing phenobarbitol and hydantoin. As far as risk is concerned, we must distinguish between those that merely harm the woman and those that pose a threat to life. Some of the former are: bleeding between cycles, failure of menses to appear after cessation of contraception, depression, breast-pains, hypertension, thrombophlebitis, and reduced libido. Hormonal contraceptives also have a series of beneficial effects, especially in women who ordinarily have menstrual difficulties. Among the more serious side effects are: risk of teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, liver problems, thromboses, and infarctions. To reduce the risks of these various side effects, the physician should observe carefully the contraindications: these are both absolute (cerebrovascular and retinal problems, thrombo-embolisms, hepatic disease, diabetes, porphyria, and sickle-cell anemia and relative (migraines, cardiac pains, hyperlipemia, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis).
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PMID:[Safety and risks of hormonal contraceptives]. 712 52


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