Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a series of 64 cases of elective end-to-side portacaval shunts performed for liver disease the success rate-in that the patient survived with a patent shunt, free of subsequent haemorrhage and severe encephalopathy-was 48%.The early postoperative death rate was 12.5% and the five-year survival 65%. Bleeding from oesophagogastric varices after blockage of the shunt was responsible for at least half of the early postoperative deaths, and most late deaths were due to liver failure. A decreased chance of late survival was associated with age over 40 years, active chronic hepatitis, and with a preoperative history of hepatocellular jaundice.Shunt blockage occurred in 16% of patients, and all bled again from oesophagogastric varices. Shunt block is more likely if the portal vein is calcified or thrombosed, and may be more likely if the portal vein diameter, as shown by splenic venography, is 1.5 cm or less.In survivors with a patent shunt the most serious late complication was chronic, severe portal-systemic encephalopathy, which occurred in 38%. Severe encephalopathy was associated with age over 40 years, a preoperative history of any degree of encephalopathy, diabetes mellitus, and with continued drinking in the alcoholic. Most patients who had portal-systemic encephalopathy in the first year postoperatively developed chronic disabling encephalopathy.A preoperative history of transient mild or moderate ascites did not seem adversely to influence the outcome.
 ...
PMID:Elective end-to-side portacaval shunt: results in 64 cases. 512 86

Zinc is an essential trace element. Previous methods of measuring zinc in clinical material have been difficult and reported findings must be treated with caution. Using atomic absorption spectroscopy it has been established that plasma zinc is one of the most uniform biochemical characteristics of normal adult blood. Sex and age differences in adult life are insignificant. Increased metabolic activity, on the other hand, induces a marked, immediate fall in plasma zinc level. The possible implications of this are discussed. Zinc levels in patients with diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and anaemia due to acute blood loss have been within normal limits. Plasma zinc is low in certain types of liver disease.
 ...
PMID:Measurements of plasma zinc. I. In health and disease. 530 55

One hundred consecutive patients with nonautoimmune chronic active hepatitis (51% HBsAg-positive), 50 patients with cirrhosis (38% HBsAg-positive), 25 patients with chronic persistent hepatitis, and 118 patients with hepatoma who were seen at this hospital were reviewed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of glucose intolerance and diabetes in these conditions. Diabetes (fasting serum glucose greater than 7.8 mmol/L, 140 mg/dl on two separate occasions) was present in 8% of patients with chronic persistent hepatitis and mild chronic active hepatitis, 44% of patients with severe chronic active hepatitis, 40% of patients with cirrhosis, and 15% of patients with hepatoma, compared with 7% of all other patients aged 35 yr or over, undergoing liver biopsy. Compared with this high prevalence of diabetes in liver disease, only 3% of diabetic patients referred to the hospital diabetic clinic had chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. Glucose tolerance was similar in chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis and was characterized initially by basal hyperinsulinemia, normal basal glucose levels but elevated serum glucose following glucose loading, and evidence of insulin resistance. We suggest that the high prevalence of diabetes in chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis in Saudi Arabia is due to the insulin resistance of chronic liver disease acting over many years in a population with a high genetic predisposition to diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Diabetes mellitus in chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis. 608 43

In order to assess insulin sensitivity for glucose utilization in the other type of diabetes, insulin sensitivity tests were performed in subjects with pancreatitis, liver disease, steroid treatment and hyperthyroidism. Insulin sensitivity for glucose utilization decreased in subjects with liver disease, steroid treatment and hyperthyroidism irrespective of the presence or absence of glucose intolerance. Hyperinsulinism was associated in most of the subjects with liver disease and steroid treatment, but even in normo-insulinemic subjects, insulin insensitivity was observed. Obesity was associated with only 2 cases in both pancreatitis and liver diseases and therefore was excluded as a major cause for insulin insensitivity in subjects studied. In subjects with pancreatitis, insulin sensitivity was not significantly decreased. It is to be noted that 4 out of 5 subjects with diabetic OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test) exhibited normal insulin sensitivity. The results indicate that in pancreatitis, tissue insulin sensitivity for glucose metabolism is not altered and therefore can be used as a marker to differentiate the other type of diabetes due to pancreatitis from type 1 or 2 diabetes. Although hyperinsulinemia may be attributable to insulin insensitivity in subjects studied at least in part, steroid and thyroid hormone are thought to act directly antagonistically with insulin for glucose metabolism.
 ...
PMID:Insulin sensitivity in pancreatitis, liver diseases, steroid treatment and hyperthyroidism assessed by glucose, insulin and somatostatin infusion. 614 89

An immunohistochemical technique is described for the detection of Mallory bodies (MBs) in paraffin sections of liver tissue. This is based on proteolytic digestion of sections before exposure to an antiserum which recognises a unique antigenic determinant in MBs. With the use of this procedure it has been shown in alcoholic liver disease, primary biliary cirrhosis. Indian childhood cirrhosis, Wilson's disease, diabetes mellitus, and hepatocellular cancer that the MBs found in these disorders contain this unique antigenic determinant. It is postulated, therefore, that the mechanism of formation of MBs is similar in liver diseases of diverse aetiology. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the immunohistochemical procedure is more sensitive than routine staining; MBs were detected in five out of 12 fatty livers by immunohistochemical and only in one by H and E staining. As MBs in fatty livers were not associated with polymorph filtration or fibrogenesis it is argued that MB formation is not an absolute prerequisite for the progression of acute to chronic liver disease.
 ...
PMID:Mallory bodies in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease contain a common antigenic determinant. 616 16

Liver biopsies from 61 consecutive patients with morbid obesity (less than 60% overweight) and from 48 patients with alcoholic liver disease were examined for the presence of Mallory bodies. For the detection both routine haematoxylin and eosin stained sections and sections exposed to an immunohistochemical technique were employed. The latter uses an antiserum which recognizes antigenic determinants in Mallory bodies. Using haematoxylin and eosin staining. Mallory bodies were not detected in any of the biopsies from the obese patients, but found to be present in 63% of the patients with alcoholic liver disease. Using the immunohistochemical technique, Mallory bodies were found in the liver of 2 obese patients (3%) and in 36 patients with alcoholic liver disease (75%). None of the Mallory body positive obese patients showed signs of diabetes mellitus, cholestasis or hypocholesterolemia, but both patients admitted previous excessive alcohol consumption. It is concluded that the immunohistochemical detection of Mallory bodies is more sensitive than routine staining. Further, Mallory bodies are rare findings in livers of obese patients and may be related to excessive alcohol consumption.
 ...
PMID:Occurrence and significance of Mallory bodies in morbidly obese patients. An immunohistochemical study. 619 45

Risk factors for nephrotoxicity in patients treated with aminoglycosides were determined from the case records of 214 patients in two prospective, randomized clinical trials of gentamicin and tobramycin. Nephrotoxicity, defined as a 50% or greater fall in calculated creatinine clearance, developed in 30 patients (14.1%). Patients with nephrotoxicity had higher initial calculated creatinine clearances, were more often women, and were more likely to have liver disease. Using stepwise discriminant analysis, these factors were selected with the initial 1-hour post-dose aminoglycoside level, patient age, and shock. An equation was generated that was accurate in discriminating between patients with and without nephrotoxicity when validated in an independent population. Factors that did not add significantly to the equation were diabetes, dehydration, serum bicarbonate, bacteremia, urinary tract infection, gentamicin or tobramycin use, duration of therapy, total aminoglycoside dose, or the use of clindamycin, furosemide, or cephalothin.
 ...
PMID:Risk factors for nephrotoxicity in patients treated with aminoglycosides. 636 8

This volume details the history of vitamin B6, its chemistry and biochemistry, methods for the assessment of vitamin B6 status, and the clinical chemistry of the vitamin. Since its discovery and synthesis over 40 years ago, vitamin B6 has been implicated in a number of disease states. All approaches to the assessment of vitamin B6 status--direct measurement of blood levels, measurement of the excretion rate of the vitamin, measurement of the metabolites or abnormal metabolic products resulting from a deficient state, or measurement of some other process dependent on the concentration of the vitamin in the body--have significant technical or physiological problems. Dietary allowances vary for different age groups and situations. In the US, the National Academy of Sciences has recommended a daily dietary allowance of 2.2 mg for young adult males and 2.0 mg for young adult females. Additional allowances have been suggested for women during pregnancy and lactation, but not for users of oral contraceptives (OCs). Vitamin B6 deficiency can be either exogenous (when intake falls below the recommended dietary allowance) or conditioned (in cases where the physiologic requirement for the vitamin is higher than the dietary allowance). Conditioned deficiency arises in the following situations: defective intestinal absorption, defective cellular and intercellular transport, and impaired oxidtion or phosphorylation mechanisms in vitamin B6 metabolism. Studies aimed at assessing the abnormal tryptophan metabolism observed in some OC users have produced conflicting results. It appears that severe depression and impairment of glucose tolerance are the only important abnormalities encountered in OC users related to vitamin B6 deficiency. Abnormalities of tryptophan metabolism have been noted in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, some malignant diseases, liver disease, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and hyperkinetic syndromes.
 ...
PMID:Clinical chemistry of vitamin B6. 639 13

Prolonged survival of islet allografts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was achieved by encapsulating individual islets in protective, biocompatible alginate-polylysine-alginate membranes. A single intraperitoneal transplant of encapsulated islets reversed the diabetic state for up to 1 year. In contrast, a single injection of unencapsulated islets was effective for less than 2 weeks. The microencapsulation procedure, by protecting transplanted tissue from the components of the immune system, has great clinical potential in the treatment of diseases requiring organ transplantation, such as diabetes and liver disease.
 ...
PMID:Prolonged survival of transplanted islets of Langerhans encapsulated in a biocompatible membrane. 642 26

Analysis of 221 episodes of hospital-acquired bacteremic urinary tract infection in 4 hospitals of 1 metropolitan area from 1977 to 1981 revealed an over-all mortality rate of 30.8 per cent. The mortality rate attributed specifically to bacteremic urinary tract infection was 12.7 per cent. Of the 28 patients whose deaths were attributed directly to hospital-acquired bacteremic urinary tract infection 19 were on medical services and all had focal or diffuse central nervous system disease, malignancy, alcoholic liver disease or cirrhosis, advanced arteriosclerosis with renal failure and/or diabetes mellitus with obliterative peripheral vascular disease. Extrapolation of these data suggests that 3,520 deaths in the United States each year are directly caused by hospital-acquired bacteremic urinary tract infection but that these deaths may be limited virtually to high risk patients with poor prognoses from underlying diseases.
 ...
PMID:Hospital-acquired bacteremic urinary tract infection: epidemiology and outcome. 647 Nov 84


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10