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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nine cases of pregnancy complicated by diabetes and prior renal transplantation are reviewed. Maternal and fetal death occurred in a patient with foot and leg ulcers associated with preexisting peripheral vascular disease. Pregnancy-induced hypertension occurred in six cases. Spontaneous weight-bearing fractures occurred in two patients. No episodes of renal allograft rejection occurred. Evidence of fetal compromise was present in six cases. All fetuses were delivered by cesarean section prior to term, with live births occurring from 31 1/2 to 36 weeks' gestation. A single case of hypospadias was the only congenital defect. Prepregnancy screening for complications of diabetes and renal transplantation is advised and euglycemia should be achieved before and during pregnancy. Advanced diabetic vascular disease puts these gestations at significant risk.
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PMID:Pregnancy following renal transplantation in class T diabetes mellitus. 351 15

In elderly patients, even those with a typical venous (stasis) ulcer, coexisting conditions like peripheral arterial insufficiency and diabetes are very common. Therefore, all elderly patients with leg ulcers should have a complete medical assessment. The mainstay of treatment for venous ulcers is compression therapy, exercise and leg elevation at rest. Long term treatment with double bandages (zinc paste bandages and elastic compression), changed once weekly, is the recommended standard treatment in the elderly. Hydrocolloid dressings are also suitable for long term treatment in clean ulcers, and should be changed once or twice weekly and combined with compression. Sloughy, exudating ulcers might need redressing daily with a desloughing agent for a short period of time. The risk of sensitising patients with chronic leg ulcers is high and few topical preparations, with low antigenicity, should be used. Infection and ulcerated skin cancers should be ruled out in nonhealing ulcers if the patient complies with compression therapy. After healing, the patient should be advised to continue compression therapy with stockings to prevent recurrences. New noninvasive techniques for investigation of venous insufficiency can select patients suitable for venous surgery, but many elderly patients are not interested in surgery or have other ailments that prevent surgery.
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PMID:Optimal treatment of venous (stasis) ulcers in elderly patients. 783 86

Granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum have rarely been reported in the same patient. We describe the unusual case of a woman with diabetes and a history of generalized granuloma annulare who noted leg ulcers that clinically represented ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum and had histologic features of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum and granuloma annulare. Her condition responded to treatment with antiplatelet agents.
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PMID:Ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum in a patient with a history of generalized granuloma annulare. 785 Nov 28

Five thousand one hundred and forty questionnaires concerning leg ulcers were sent to a randomly selected population aged 65 years and older in Gothenburg in April 1989. The response rate was 89%. Ninety-seven individuals answered affirmatively, that they had leg ulcers, which corresponds to a prevalence of 2.15 +/- 0.42 per cent. These 97 individuals and the same number of controls were asked to come for a medical examination with tests of the peripheral circulation and an interview. Seventy-five (of the 97) were examined. Thirty-five had leg or foot ulcers caused by vascular insufficiency and/or diabetes and the true prevalence was estimated to be 1.02 +/- 0.29 per cent.
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PMID:Leg and foot ulcer prevalence and investigation of the peripheral arterial and venous circulation in a randomised elderly population. An epidemiological survey and clinical investigation. 809 55

Infected leg ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus are a common and potentially serious problem. Neuropathy and vascular disease associated with diabetes mellitus allow the possibility of significant microbial invasion. Infections in diabetic patients are usually polymicrobial reflecting the normal flora of the foot skin. Curettage of the base of foot ulcers and deep tissue cultures are the most reliable methods for identifying the true pathogens, which are aerobic Gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Empirical antibiotic therapy should be directed against these pathogens. Once culture and sensitivity results are available, therapy should be targeted specifically for the pathogens present to prevent long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Preventive care of the foot in patients with diabetes mellitus is extremely important and may reduce complications associated with infections of the foot.
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PMID:Diagnosis and management of the diabetic foot ulcer. 840 1

In a cross-sectional survey, designed to detect all patients with current chronic leg ulcers, 27% of the patients had diabetes mellitus. The outcome for the 104 examined diabetic patients has been evaluated and compared with the 278 nondiabetic patients. The purpose was to establish the prevalence of leg ulcers among diabetic patients and to assess potential causes. The point prevalence was calculated by extrapolating the leg ulcer frequency to the total diabetic population in the studied area. The point prevalence for active leg ulcers (including foot ulcers) in diabetic patients was 3.5% (95% CI 2.8-4.2). Ulcers above the malleoli were almost as common as foot ulcers. Peripheral vascular disease was present in 67% of all ulcerated legs in patients with diabetes compared to 42% in nondiabetic patients (p < 0.001). In 72% of foot ulcers in diabetic patients arterial impairment was judged to be a contributing aetiological factor and in nondiabetic patients 45% (p < 0.001). Ulcers solely attributed to possible neuropathy were less common (15%). Ulcers with multifactorial causes were common above the malleoli. This survey has given the size of the problem and indicates macroangiopathy to be the dominating factor responsible for slow or nonhealing ulcers in diabetic patients. Objective assessment of arterial circulation is mandatory and signs of arterial impairment require consultation with a vascular surgeon.
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PMID:High prevalence of diabetes in chronic leg ulcer patients: a cross-sectional population study. 850 18

Treatment of leg ulcers should consider two aspects, i.e. the exact underlying condition (main cause and contributing factors) and local conditions. Compression therapy remains the corner-stone of the therapeutic concept. A compression of 35 mmHg at the distal calf improves insufficient venous function. A systolic ankle pressure of < or = 80% of blood pressure (ankle-arm-index < or = 0.8) requires reduction of compression therapy. At an ankle pressure below 80 mmHg compression should not be used. If superficial reflux is the major cause of chronic venous insufficiency, vein stripping should be considered. Contributing diseases like heart insufficiency, anemia or diabetes may require general medical care. Local contributing factors like reduced mobility of the ankle joint and lymphostasis may require physical therapy, and calcification of the wound bed should be excised. Local treatment considers ulcer bed and border. The ulcer bed needs debridement and moist wound care. Infection is treated with systemic antibiotics, according to the antibiogram. Tetanus immunization is required for all leg ulcer patients. Some centers report good results with endoscopic subfascial decision of perforator veins, paratibial fasciotomy and excision of fibrous tissue. Local application of recombined growth factors is currently under clinical evaluation. Adjuvant pharmacotherapy plays a minor role in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. An efficient treatment of the underlying cause combined with optimal wound care are the key to therapeutic success.
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PMID:[Treatment guidelines for venous leg ulcers: causal therapy initiation and local wound treatment]. 865 54

Chronic leg ulceration is a very common clinical problem in the elderly. Good management depends entirely on making an accurate diagnosis, and planning treatment after considering all aspects of patient well-being. All elderly patients with leg ulcers benefit from an assessment of their vascular status, since the effects of gravity influence treatment and healing irrespective of the diagnosis. The most common causes of ulceration are venous and arterial disease. Diabetes mellitus, pressure, vasculitis, metabolic abnormalities and skin cancer are all unusual causes of leg ulceration, but must be considered in the differential diagnosis. Almost all patients with ulcerated legs benefit from the use of compression bandaging at a level appropriate to their vascular status. In patients with venous ulcers, this can be achieved with a number of bandaging techniques; however, multilayer bandaging appears to be the most cost-effective means available, particularly when combined with community-based leg ulcer clinics. The effects of oral drug therapy for venous and arterial disease have been disappointing. Local dressings are important in ulcers that are not suitable for compression therapy. The choice of dressing depends on the nature of the ulcer and the tolerability of the dressing for the patient.
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PMID:Optimal management of chronic leg ulcers in the elderly. 914 55

Since 1973 we have performed over 1,000 free flap reconstructions mainly in head and neck, breast, and upper and lower limb surgery. In lower leg reconstructions, changing indications for flap selection were not only correlated to new anatomical developments, but mainly due to a better understanding of adaptability of known muscle or fascial free flaps. Reducing donor site morbidity and planning for saving donor sites for future reconstructions are important. Morbidity is reduced by selection of free flaps ideally adjusted to the shape of the defect. Innervated free flaps or functional muscle transplants are rarely indicated in the lower leg. In the early years of microsurgical free flaps, soft tissue reconstruction or bone coverage was the primary indication. Later improving the vascularity of the wound bed by free flap cover increased the indication to chronic infected leg ulcers, osteomyelitis, diabetes, or artheriosclerotic wound defects or pressure sores due to lack of sensibility. Reconstruction of the foot and restoring its weight-bearing capacity is one of the more challenging applications of free flap cover.
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PMID:Changes in donor site selection in lower limb free flap reconstructions. 937 86

The non-healing leg ulcer is examined by discussing three disease processes: peripheral vascular occlusive disease (PVOD), chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), and vasculitis. For PVOD, management decisions are based on risk factors and disease history. Comprehensive management includes the discontinuation of smoking, exercise conditioning and regulation of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and the appropriate application of anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs. Methods of surgical management include bypass with autogenous or synthetic material in addition to reconstructive surgery with patch angioplasty or extra-anatomic bypass, amputation, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stents, thrombolytic infusion, atherectomy, intraluminal ultrasound, and angioscopy. The optimal healing environment for all ulcers prevents contamination, pain, and fluid loss. In CVI, higher venous pressure in the veins of the lower limb during exercise results in ambulatory venous hypertension and ulceration. Various theories are associated with the disease and ulceration process; the classic treatment of elevation, ambulation, and compression for venous disease remains unchallenged. Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination, invasive venography, and/or non-invasive studies. Two groups of vasculitic disorders that share varying degrees of vascular inflammation and necrosis are arteritis (lupus, erythematosus, periarteritis nodosa, dermatomyositis) and blood dyscrasias (sickle cell disease, thalassemia). Leg ulcers associated with vasculitis are due to inadequate tissue oxygenation at the local level, are typically chronic, slow to heal, and commonly recur.
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PMID:The non-healing leg ulcer: peripheral vascular disease, chronic venous insufficiency, and ischemic vasculitis. 939 80


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