Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The hypothalamic regulatory hormones used for clinical studies are TRH, Gn-RH and somatostatin. In addition, as dopamine appears to be a physiological PIF, the dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine, could be considered as functional analogues of PIF. Gn-RH can be used to study the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal relationship and to test the secretory reserve capacity of the gonadotrophs in disease states. Unfortunately Gn-RH testing discrimulates between pituitary and hypothalamic diseases only poorly. However gonadotrophin deficient men or women may be successfully treated with long-term Gn-RH with induction of puberty, potency, spermatogenesis and ovulation. Somatostatin has multiple actions in inhibiting endocrine and exocrine secretion but its actions are still being explored in diabetes. Bromocriptine, a long acting dopamine agonist (a functional analogue of PIF), suppresses prolactin and is highly effective in treating many hypogonadal states since hyperprolactinaemia is common. It also lowers growth hormone in acromegaly. TRH has provided a major, accurate, sensitive and safe test of thyroid function.
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PMID:Hypothalamic regulatory hormones: physiological and clinical implications. 2 68

Prolactin levels were measured in 84 patients aged 20 years with hypogonadism, both under baseline conditions and after stimulation with TRH. In those with impuberty from delayed puberty or gonadotropin insufficiency, baseline blood prolactin levels were normal but the response after stimulation was reduced in a significant manner. In patients with Klinefelter's syndrome, both baseline and reserve blood prolactin levels were increased. No correlation was observed between these abnormal levels and the usual clinical and biological disturbances found in this disorder (gynaecomastia, diabetes, hyperinsulinism, changes in 5-alpha-reduction). The significance of this hyperprolactinaemia remains obscure.
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PMID:[Blood prolactin levels in male hypogonadism (author's transl)]. 12 17

Consideration given to the literature data about the diabetogenic effect of prolactin, the basal prolactin secretion was investigated in 98 patients with diabetes mellitus. A significantly increased basal prolactin level was established. The influence of age, sex, disease duration, type of diabetes, blood sugar level, mode of treatment and vascular complications upon prolactinemia was studied. Significantly higher prolactinemia was found in insulin treated patients and insignificantly -- in diabetics with retinopathy. The correlation of prolactinemia with glycemia, insulinemia and lipacidemia is low. That provides gounds to admit that hyperprolactinemia plays no essential role as an additional diabetogenic factor in the patients with diabetes mellitus. The causal relationship between hyperprolactinemia and diabetes still remains not well elucidated.
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PMID:[Basal prolactin secretion in diabetes mellitus]. 51 54

Male sexual impotence is the symptom of an alteration of central and peripheral mechanism neuropsychoendocrine, vascular and neurological. Nowadays it affects 8-10% of sexually active population. In some diseases, like diabetes and uremia, it can reach very high percentages of incidence. At our Andrology Center 35% of referrals are represented by sexual complaints. In the last years the diagnostic accuracy has increased, narrowing the percentage of unknown causes. Vasculopathy represents the most relevant pathological condition associated with impotence: it can affect both arterial and venous vessels. The new medical technologies and procedures permit an increase of the life span but often affecting the quality of life. Therefore, the iatrogenic causes of impotence, both pharmacological and surgical, are growing. A modern diagnostic approach starts with an accurate clinical history and physical examination, followed by an NPT (nocturnal penile tumescence) test and/or ICI (intracavernosal injection) with a standard dose of PGE1 and Doppler flowmetry of penile arteries. An endocrine evaluation (LH, testosterone and prolactin) is also performed. Further investigation of a vascular dysfunction is represented by more invasive procedures, like arteriography, cavernosography and cavernosometry. A suspect of neurological disease is confirmed by sacral evoked potentials. According to the findings of these examinations, a correct therapeutical approach can be applied in 100% of cases. An endocrine treatment is adequate only when a clear reduction of T plasma level or hyperprolactinemia are present. The treatment of other central disorders causing psychoneuroendocrine impotence is promising, but still under investigation. The intracavernosal injection of vasoactive drugs, apart from having revolutionized the diagnostic approach to the impotent patient, represents a clear standpoint in medical management of impotence, particularly in vascular and neurological diseases. The great advancement in the technology of penile prostheses has allowed the development of valuable and reliable tools to be used in selected cases.
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PMID:[Recent diagnostic and therapeutic aspects in male sexual impotence]. 128 49

A 57-year-old obese woman with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and a 40-year history of secondary amenorrhea was diagnosed with corticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Dynamic endocrine testing and radiological evaluation did not reveal definitively the source of the excess corticotropin. Bilateral adrenalectomy was performed with resolution of the signs and symptoms of hypercortisolism. Four years later, the patient was noted to have rising serum corticotropin levels and an enlarging pituitary mass; hyperprolactinemia also was documented. A diagnosis of Nelson-Salassa syndrome was made, and she underwent a transsphenoidal adenomectomy. A histological examination of the specimen revealed two distinct, albeit contiguous, adenomas: a corticotroph adenoma and a lactotroph adenoma. Postoperatively, the serum prolactin and corticotropin levels decreased significantly. Although the stalk section effect resulting from compression by a pituitary adenoma can raise serum prolactin levels, a concurrent lactotroph adenoma should be considered in patients with nonfunctional or functional pituitary adenomas of other types associated with significantly elevated prolactin levels. The mechanisms underlying simultaneous adrenocorticotropic hormone and prolactin excess are discussed.
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PMID:Coexisting corticotroph and lactotroph adenomas: case report with reference to the relationship of corticotropin and prolactin excess. 131 62

A retrospective study of 33 patients diagnosed of primary empty sella turcica has been done. Main clinical feature was cephalea, which was present in 51.1% of cases. Diagnosis was done based in Neuroradiologic studies (CAT, Cisternography, Pneumocisternography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) finding sellar size being significantly smaller in cases studied after 1980. After Hypophyseal function study, 19 patients did not show any endocrinological disorders, in the other 14 (42.4%), hyperprolactinemia was the most frequent finding (7 patients, 23.3%). 17.8% of cases showed a lowered response of Growth Hormone to insulinic Hypoglycemia. In two cases Panhypopituitarism was found and in case Insipidus diabetes was diagnosed.
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PMID:[Primary empty sella turcica: clinical, radiological and hormonal evaluation]. 148 37

Many endocrine diseases can cause fatigue. Tiredness is a frequent symptom of primary and secondary hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, excessive glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid production, primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency, primary and secondary hypogonadism and hyperprolactinemia in the male, acromegaly, diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. A great number of medical diseases other than those mentioned in the articles on cardiological and pneumological fatigue can also cause abnormal tiredness (infectious diseases, hematological, renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal and rheumatological disturbances, vasculitis and malignant tumors). The pathogenesis of tiredness caused by endocrine or medical illnesses, i.e. how the sensation of fatigue is produced, is not clear. The fatigue of the various endocrine or other medical diseases is not disease-specific, i.e. its characteristics do not differentiate it from the fatigue of other illnesses.
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PMID:[Endocrine and other medical causes of abnormal fatigability]. 175 71

The goal pursued has been to analyze clinical observations and hormonal studies of patients with empty sella turcica (EST), in order to review this disorder and determine if it can be considered a real syndrome. Fifteen patients with EST (3 men and 12 women) and mean age of 45.6 +/- 17.9 years have been prospectively studied. In the hypothalamus-hypophysis study, reserves of thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin (PRL), gonadotropins (FSH and LH), growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol were assessed. In addition, thyroid hormones and, for men, testosterone, were determined. The pathogenic mechanism was explained in two cases (13.3%). We registered headache in 10 patients, obesity in 8, arterial hypertension in 2 and diabetes mellitus in 2. Multiparity antecedent was found in 2 cases. The hormonal study was abnormal in two cases (40%). Most common abnormalities were hyperprolactinemia (3 cases), deficit of gonadotropins (3 cases), without coexisting both of them in any case, and deficit of GH (2 cases). EST is frequently associated with endocrine disfunction, although clinical implications are rare. The absence of common clinical manifestations in most cases questions the EST as a real syndrome.
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PMID:[Primary empty sella turcica: clinical aspects and hormonal study of 15 cases]. 179 Feb 77

Of 210 women with galactorrhea 66.2% had normal prolactin serum levels. Only in 33.4% elevated prolactin levels could be found, 0.4% were hypoprolactinemic. The TRH-stimulation test detected latent hyperprolactinemia in 13.5% of the cases, showed a normal thyroid function in 81.5%, hypothyroidism in 13.9% and hyperthyroidism in 4.6% and this is considered to be a more valuable diagnostic tool than the MCP-test. Galactorrhea was associated with the following conditions: hyperprolactinemia (34.8%), menstrual disturbances (67.4%), post-pill amenorrhea (30.2%), mastalgia (30.2%), prolactinoma (18.6%), fibrocystic disease (11.6%), hirsutism (4.6%), diabetes mellitus (2.3%).
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PMID:[The value of hyperprolactinemia determination within the scope of galactorrhea]. 249 8

A personal series of 256 cases of acromegaly/gigantism seen over a 20-year period from 1963 is described. The insidious nature of the condition resulted in delay in diagnosis which was often made by a doctor when seeing the patient for an unrelated problem. Other features which commonly led to the diagnosis being made were headache, change in appearance, carpal tunnel syndrome, amenorrhoea and diabetes. The Hardy system for grading the radiological appearance of the pituitary tumour was used. Widely invasive tumours were not common but tended to occur in patients with younger age of onset and high GH levels. The occurrence of various symptoms and clinical features was noted and the changes resulting from reducing the GH level to normal. The incidence of hypertension, but not of coronary artery disease, is increased and the blood pressure may be reduced following successful treatment. The effects on the upper and lower respiratory tract are reported as well as sleep apnoea and problems associated with anaesthesia. Skin manifestations included sweating, pigmented skin tags, acanthosis nigricans and cutis verticis gyrata. In the skeletal system the incidence of kyphoscoliosis and osteoarthritis especially of the hip is reported: the question of hip replacement is discussed. Diabetes mellitus disappeared in most cases if the acromegaly was cured. In men but not in women the incidence of colloid nodular goitre was increased as was hyperthyroidism in middle-aged women. In two patients a parathyroid adenoma was present: hypercalcaemia was present in five additional patients, but the cause was not determined. The common occurrence of amenorrhoea in the younger women was noted, it was not always associated with hyperprolactinaemia, and often responded to successful treatment of the acromegaly. The association of acromegaly with hirsutism and galactorrhoea is confirmed. The incidence of impotence and loss of libid in the men is discussed: in a proportion of those in whom the acromegaly was cured, potency returned, but in a number depression occurred and what was believed to be psychogenic impotence persisted. Hyperprolactinaemia was found in 49 out of 151 patients with active acromegaly in whom the prolactin level was measured. Previous reports have indicated a doubling of death rates in acromegalics. In this series there were 47 deaths observed compared to 37.2 expected. The increased death rate was in women of all ages and in men under the age of 55, The increased deaths in the women were from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular causes and from breast cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Acromegaly. 330 90


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