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 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The question is whether there is an increased risk to develop glaucoma in co-existing myopia. The different kinds of glaucoma dealing with this problem are described. The highly myopic eye with increased axial length shows many structural changes. Especially the changes of the optic nerve head in a highly myopic eye make it very difficult to differentiate between a beginning glaucoma and a normal structure or to define a progression of glaucomatous changes. The visual field defects are often close to fixation and may reduce visual acuity and therefore the quality of life of these usually younger patients. An increase of the thickness of the lens induced by senile cataract, drugs or diabetes mellitus, a forward shift of the lens or the iris-lens-diaphragm will lead to refractive myopia and may provoke an angle closure glaucoma. Pigmentary glaucoma occurs in younger patients in connection with low or medium myopia and more rapidly destroys the optic nerve head due to higher intraocular pressure values in comparison to the primary open-angle glaucoma. After refractive surgeries of myopic eyes one has to expect different kinds of glaucoma (steroid induced, pupillary block, angle closure). Due to the increased risk to develop glaucoma patients especially with high myopia are advised to consult their ophthalmologist on a regular basis.
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PMID:[Myopia and glaucoma]. 1749 15

Cortisonic glaucoma is frequent, clinically similar to chronic open angle glaucoma but directly linked to a corticosteroid treatment. Four risk factors are involved in the hypertonic effect of steroids: genetic ground: primary open angle glaucoma, diabetes, myopia, young age; intraocular penetrance and anti-inflammatory efficacy; the mode and duration of administration.
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PMID:[Origin of corticosteroid glaucoma]. 1771 35

This review article explores the functional activity and development aspects of N-acetylcarnosine for the visual system as revealed by the use of a variety of biophysical, physiological and therapeutic ophthalmic methods. It is designed for pharmacists and more advanced ophthalmology, optometry and pharmacology researchers who wish to gain a basic understanding of the biological effects of N-acetylcarnosine for vision and to share in the excitement of the latest developments in this field. Topics under the consideration include: ophthalmic drug delivery of N-acetylcarnosine eye drops and challenging endeavors facing the pharmaceutical scientist; clinical and functional types of activity of the developed and patented N-acetylcarnosine lubricant eye drops designed as 1% N-acetylcarnosine prodrug of L-carnosine containing a mucoadhesive cellulose-based compound combined with corneal absorption promoters in a drug delivery system; management of age-related serious or disabling eye diseases in humans with N-acetylcarnosine eye drop therapeutic platform (age-related cataracts, ocular inflammation, age-related macular degeneration , macular dystrophies, ocular manifestations of diabetes , hypertonic retinopathy, primary open angle glaucoma, vitreous lesions) ; development and molecular mechanisms of ocular therapeutic activities of carnosine derivatives in the visual system. Through this article we can perceive some helpful recent patents according to the title of the issue. The biologically significant applications of carnosine mimetics including those in ophthalmology were patented by Dr. Babizhayev and the alliance Groups (WO 2004/028536 A1; WO 94/19325; WO 95/12581; WO 2004/064866 A1).
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PMID:Current ocular drug delivery challenges for N-acetylcarnosine: novel patented routes and modes of delivery, design for enhancement of therapeutic activity and drug delivery relationships. 1953 70

Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) remains one of the most common retinal vascular disorders that may lead to blindness. The etiology is unknown, however, predisposing factors such as hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and hypercoagulable states have all been described. Local ophthalmic illnesses such as open angle glaucoma, ocular trauma and orbital infections have also been suggested as causative. CRVO can be subdivided into two clinical types, ischemic and non-ischemic. The non-ischemic type comprises the milder form of the disease with partial venous obstruction and good visual outcome. Ischemic CRVO is the severe form and is associated with visual loss, because of nearly total retinal vein obstruction and poor perfusion to retina. In addition, patients with ischemic CRVO may end up with additional complications such as neovascular glaucoma that may lead to blindness. Over 90% of CRVO occurs in patients > 65 years. The presenting symptom is a sudden painless mono-ocular decrease in visual acuity which could result from macular edema, ischemia, or intraocular bleeding. Ophthalmoscopic examination reveals macular edema, retinal bleeding (more peripheral), tortuous vein dilatation and swollen disc. Current treatment modalities include systemic use of anticoagulation drugs, local treatments including laser, intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and surgery (vitrectomy). This review presents the current therapeutic modalities in CRVO.
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PMID:[Treatment modalities in central retinal vein occlusion]. 2081

Glaucoma, one of the major causes of blindness in the world, is a progressive optic neuropathy. Elevated intraocular pressure is a well-known major risk factor for glaucoma. In addition, there is growing evidence that vascular factors may play a role in glaucoma pathogenesis. Systemic (e.g. hypertension, diabetes) and ocular vascular factors (e.g. ocular blood flow, ocular perfusion pressure) have been assessed for associations with glaucoma. However, direct and convincing evidence for primary mechanisms of glaucoma is still lacking. The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence implicating vascular factors in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, with particular emphasis on the role of ocular blood flow and ocular circulation as risk factors for primary open angle glaucoma.
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PMID:Vascular risk factors in glaucoma: a review. 2097 6

The aim of this study was to evaluate macular thickness parameters in glaucoma patients and to compare them to normal subjects using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). This prospective, observational study included 20 primary open angle glaucoma patients (POAG) and 20 healthy subjects in control group. Exclusion criteria were diabetes and other macular pathology, like age-related macular degeneration, macular oedema, central serous retinopathy and high myopia >4.00 dsph. OCT imaging of peripapillar retina and macular area were performed using Cirrus HD OCT In these two groups of patients we analyzed changes of macular thickness parameters (central subfield thickness, macular volume, and average macular thickness). The group of glaucoma patients had decreased values of the two macular thickness parameters: macular volume and average macular thickness, compared to control group. There was no difference in central macular thickness, presumably because of the absence of the ganglion cells in this layer. Macular imaging can be a useful additional method to determine glaucoma status and has a potential for tracking glaucoma progression.
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PMID:Macular thickness and volume parameters measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for evaluation of glaucoma patients. 2285 28

Although there are some hints for a correlation between diabetes and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), it remains unclear in which way diabetes influences eye pressure (IOP) and glaucoma. Despite this, the main reason for neovascular glaucoma in diabetes is proven to be retinal ischaemia due to diabetic vessel damage. Primary open angle glaucoma is more frequent than neovascular glaucoma, but neovascular glaucoma is very aggressive and difficult to treat. The mainstay of the treatment is panretinal photo- or cryocoagulation. The next treatment options are cryodestructive procedures followed by filtering surgeries. In most cases a combination of treatments is necessary. In end-stage neovascular glaucoma sometimes enucleation is the only possible therapy when the IOP cannot be controlled or phthisis bulbi occurs.
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PMID:[The relevance of diabetes for patients with glaucoma]. 2453 97

Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is a multifactorial disease characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death and visual field loss. Intraocular pressure, ocular perfusion pressure, and systemic vascular irregularities have all been identified as contributing factors for glaucoma onset and progression. Focal and systemic vascular abnormalities have also been well documented in diabetic patients. The relationship between diabetes mellitus and OAG remains enigmatic in the literature. As the pathogenesis of both diabetes mellitus and OAG involves compromised vascular regulation, this review was undertaken to further investigate their precise relationship. A literature review of published population-based studies was performed, with a focus on studies regarding blood flow abnormalities. Although current studies support the role of vascular contributions to both diseases, the association between glaucoma and diabetes yields contrasting results.
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PMID:Vascular Dysfunction in Diabetes and Glaucoma: A Complex Relationship Reviewed. 2526 88

Multiple loci have been associated with either primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) or heritable ocular quantitative traits associated with this condition. This study examined the association of these loci with POAG, with central corneal thickness (CCT), vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR) and with diabetes mellitus in a group of black South Africans (215 POAG cases and 214 controls). The population was homogeneous and distinct from other African and European populations. Single SNPs in the MYOC, COL8A2, COL1A1 and ZNF469 gene regions showed marginal associations with POAG. No association with POAG was identified with tagging SNPs in TMCO1, CAV1/CAV2, CYP1B1, COL1A2, COL5A1, CDKN2B/CDKN2BAS-1, SIX1/SIX6 or the chromosome 2p16 regions and there were no associations with CCT or VCDR. However, SNP rs12522383 in WDR36 was associated with diabetes mellitus (p = 0.00008). This first POAG genetic association study in black South Africans has therefore identified associations that require additional investigation in this and other populations to determine their significance. This highlights the need for larger studies in this population if we are to achieve the goal of facilitating early POAG detection and ultimately preventing irreversible blindness from this condition.
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PMID:The genetics of POAG in black South Africans: a candidate gene association study. 2566 51

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome is an uncommon multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by panuveitis with serous retinal detachment and is often associated with neurologic and cutaneous manifestations including headache, hearing loss, vitiligo, and poliosis. The case of a 62-year-old female with diabetes mellitus and a history of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in both eyes, operated on the left eye two weeks prior to the presentation and under topical antiglaucomatous drops, was reported. She presented at the ophthalmological service for decreased visual acuity (VA) in both eyes. The slit lamp examination revealed keratic precipitates and posterior iris synechiae in both eyes and an ExPress aqueous shunt in the left eye. Inferior retinal detachment was observed on ocular fundus examination on both eyes. Intraocular pressure value was in normal range under antiglaucomatous drops (dorzolamid + timolol). The distinctiveness of this case was the association of the VKH syndrome with POAG and the inability to prolong the corticosteroid treatment, necessary in this case, due to the association of diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome Case report. 2945 Mar 45


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