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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors describe the pathological changes in the vascular structures of the ciliary body occuring in diabetes mellitus. The lesions consist of a quantitative reduction in the number of vessels and in modifications of diameter and arborisation. Changes include sectoral thinning, isolated and grouped aneuryms and marked tortuosity. These findings are thought to be constant in the diabetic patient and are probably involved in the various aspects of diabetic eye disease affecting other structures besides the ciliary body. The group of vascular changes in the ciliary body in diabetes may aptly be termed "diabetic ciliopathy".
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PMID:[Angiomorphology of the ciliary body in diabetic disease]. 408 31

Diabetes mellitus is a major cause of visual impairment and blindness. Cataracts and retinal vascular abnormalities (retinopathy) are the major defects occurring in the eyes. The frequency of these defects increases with the duration of diabetes. Many believe that the occurrence of eye disease in children with diabetes is rare. Blurry vision, an early manifestation of cataractogenesis, occurs in nearly all children with diabetes. Retinopathy, which is extremely rare prior to puberty, occurs in 70-90% of adolescents with diabetes of more than 10 years' duration. Proliferative retinopathy and blindness due to diabetes also occur in adolescents. Regular, careful ophthalmologic examinations by retinal specialists are indicated for the adolescents at risk. Those at risk are adolescent females with HLA DR3 and DR4 as well as those with limited joint mobility. Early recognition is essential to prevent the blindness that follows untreated proliferative retinopathy.
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PMID:Ophthalmologic complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. 633 75

Causes of visual loss, indications for ophthalmologic consultation, and current medical and surgical management of eye disease in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes are highlighted. Regular eye examinations are a must for diabetic patients, as threats to visual loss may go unnoticed until serious hemorrhage into the vitreous occurs.
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PMID:Management of eye disease in the insulin-dependent diabetic patient. 656 66

After the Bedford Survey observations were made upon retina and lens in borderline diabetics (persons with impaired glucose tolerance) and in age and sex matched controls with normal glucose tolerance. Seven years after the Survey, the prevalence of retinal abnormalities ("microaneurysms" and "exudates") was similar in each group. Of 145 initially borderline diabetics examined 10 years after the Survey, 25 had worsened to diabetes. Only two of the total group had "micro-aneurysms" present and the maximum recorded in any eye was three. Lens opacities were of similar frequency in both groups shortly after the Survey and at the seven year follow-up examination. By contrast, 24% of 79 diabetics newly diagnosed during the Survey had "microaneurysms" recorded five years later. These results further justify the diagnostic category of impaired glucose tolerance, which, at least when discovered by population screening, carries no risk of clinically apparent eye disease for at least ten years after ascertainment.
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PMID:The Bedford Survey: observations on retina and lens of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and in controls with normal glucose tolerance. 666 65

Spatial contrast sensitivity of 19 diabetics with different degrees of visual impairment was studied. It was found that contrast sensitivity at intermediate and low spatial frequencies may decrease without corresponding loss of visual acuity. In advanced cases of diabetes the opposite may be true: contrast sensitivity was better than expected on the basis of visual acuity. Thus both visual acuity and contrast sensitivity measurements are useful in the evaluation of the nature of visual impairment due to diabetic eye disease.
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PMID:Contrast sensitivity in evaluation of visual impairment due to diabetes. 685 49

The incidence of progression of diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy is unknown and its proper management uncertain. In this study, 55 insulin-dependent diabetic patients under strict glucose control were followed throughout pregnancy with serial retinal examinations by ophthalmoscopy and photographs. Nineteen patients had minimal or background retinopathy and 7 had untreated proliferative changes. Six patients had been treated before pregnancy with photocoagulation for proliferative retinopathy. A positive correlation was found between progressive proliferative diabetic retinopathy and the duration of diabetes mellitus independent of glucose control. During gestation 3 of 19 patients (16%) with minimal or background retinopathy and 6 of 7 patients (86%) with untreated proliferative retinopathy experienced deterioration of their eye disease. In 4 patients with proliferative retinopathy, progression of retinal disease was arrested with photocoagulation during pregnancy. Only 1 of 6 who had received laser treatment prior to pregnancy experienced progression of her retinopathy. These results suggest that photocoagulation prior to pregnancy may protect against rapidly progressive proliferative retinopathy and that aggressive treatment during pregnancy can prevent progression of proliferative retinopathy and visual impairment.
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PMID:Effect of pregnancy on diabetic retinopathy. 720 May 95

Ischemic eye disease often results in ocular neovascularization, presumably due to the elaboration of growth factors. Diabetic retinopathy is a classic example in which dramatic retinal neovascularization arises after ischemic retinal damage. The characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as an angiogenic molecule whose expression is markedly induced by hypoxia makes it a promising candidate for mediating ischemic retinal neovascularization. Thus, we have characterized the structure, binding, and regulation of VEGF receptors in bovine retinal (BREC) and aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). VEGF stimulated a 2.1-fold increase in BREC number and DNA content at 0.6 nmol/l VEGF (P < 1 x 10(-7)). Scatchard binding analysis demonstrated specific high-affinity VEGF receptors on BREC with a Kd of 4.9 +/- 0.6 x 10(-11) mmol/l, similar to that observed for BAEC at 5.1 +/- 0.4 x 10(-11) mmol/l. BREC, however, possess 1.5 x 10(5) high-affinity receptors/cell, threefold more than BAEC (P < 0.003) and more than any cell type reported previously. 125I-VEGF affinity cross-linking revealed complexes at 220 and 170 kDa in BREC, but only a 220-kDa band of lesser intensity in BAEC. Cross-linking was displaceable in a dose-dependent manner by VEGF (P < 0.01) but not by other hormones. Hypoxia increased VEGF receptor number 50% in BREC without altering affinity. Antiphosphotyrosine immunoblotting showed VEGF-stimulated tyrosine autophosphorylation of VEGF receptor bands at 225 and 220 kDa and another band at 80 kDa within 1 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diabetes 1995 Jan
PMID:Comparative analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors on retinal and aortic vascular endothelial cells. 752 3

Diabetes is known to be a major contributor to blindness in industrialized countries but few data are available on the situation in Italy. As an introductory step to the implementation of permanent screening for diabetic retinopathy, a search was carried out on the causes of visual loss in the provincial territory surrounding Turin, the main city of North-West Italy. The case notes of all 4549 residents in the province who were certified blind between 1967 and 1991 were examined with regard to cause, age at onset, and year of onset of visual acuity < or = 1/20. Diabetic retinopathy was the second commonest cause of bilateral blindness (13.1% of cases), preceded by cataract (26.7%) and followed by myopia (11.1%), optic atrophy (8.9%), glaucoma (8.9%), retinitis pigmentosa (7.2%), and senile macular degeneration (4.1%). Diabetic retinopathy was the commonest eye disease among those who became blind between the ages of 50 and 70 and remained the leading cause of visual loss when the age groups 20 to 70 were pooled together. The incidence of diabetic retinopathy-related blindness did not show any trend to decrease over the 25 years investigated. It is concluded that, in spite of widespread availability of facilities for its assessment and treatment, diabetic retinopathy remains a leading cause of blindness in North-West Italy. This fully justifies the implementation of screening programmes and efficient referral chains for the early detection and prompt treatment of this complication of diabetes.
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PMID:Diabetic retinopathy as a cause of blindness in the province of Turin, north-west Italy, in 1967-1991. 760 Jul 54

Evidence is accumulating that most of the degenerative diseases that afflict humanity have their origin in deleterious free radical reactions. These diseases include atherosclerosis, cancer, inflammatory joint disease, asthma, diabetes, senile dementia and degenerative eye disease. The process of biological ageing might also have a free radical basis. Most free radical damage to cells involves oxygen free radicals or, more generally, activated oxygen species (AOS) which include non-radical species such as singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide as well as free radicals. The AOS can damage genetic material, cause lipid peroxidation in cell membranes, and inactivate membrane-bound enzymes. Humans are well endowed with antioxidant defences against AOS; these antioxidants, or free radical scavengers, include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), beta-carotene, coenzyme Q10, enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase, and trace elements including selenium and zinc. The eye is an organ with intense AOS activity, and it requires high levels of antioxidants to protect its unsaturated fatty acids. The human species is not genetically adapted to survive past middle age, and it appears that antioxidant supplementation of our diet is needed to ensure a more healthy elderly population.
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PMID:The role of free radicals in disease. 761 52

Since diabetes is a major health problem in Malta a study was conducted to gain a better insight into one of its most common complications, that of retinopathy. A random sample of 200 cases of adult onset diabetes with retinopathy who attended the main hospital's diabetes clinic was assessed by an experienced ophthalmologist. Non-proliferative retinopathy was subdivided into three degrees of severity according to the number of microaneurysms, haemorrhages, exudates, and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities present while proliferative retinopathy included also advanced eye disease. Data on medical and family histories was gathered from personal interrogation and counterchecked from hospital files. A medical examination searched for other concomitant disease. The 124 females and 73 males were similarly aged with a mean of 59.5 +/- 11.5 years. The mean age at onset of diabetes was 44.4 +/- 7.9 years: no significant differences were seen between the grades of retinopathy or the sexes. Onset of eye disease was first detected at a mean age of 56.9 +/- 7.0 years. The great majority (82%) of retinopathy cases occurred after 10 years of diabetes. Males appeared to develop eye disease (especially non-proliferative) at a younger age (53.4 +/- 7.6 vs 58.9 +/- 6.6 years, p < 0.01) and after a shorter duration of diabetes (10.1 +/- 6.6 vs 14.0 +/- 7.8 years, p < 0.001) than females. Severity of retinopathy was strongly associated (p < 0.001), in females rather more than in males, with poor glycaemic control, use of insulin, presence of proteinuria and decreasing vision; and less markedly (p < 0.01) with duration of diabetes of more than 10 years, neuropathy and glaucoma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Retinopathy in Maltese type 2 diabetic patients. 764 10


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