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 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Endocrine disorders constitute the most frequent cause of secondary osteoporosis in men and women. Because endocrine diseases are common (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hyperparathyroidism, and hyperthyroidism), they should be considered in the differential diagnosis and management of osteopenia. The pathogenesis of hormone-induced bone loss involves several components of the bone remodeling cycle and in many cases is not fully elucidated. Identifying an underlying cause and correcting hypo- or hyperfunction of an endocrine gland, however, can often lead to an increase in bone mineral density. This review focuses on recent studies on hormonal disorders that affect the skeleton. In particular, diabetes mellitus, hyperparathyroidism, and hyperthyroidism are considered within the context of both accelerated bone loss and fracture risk.
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PMID:Endocrine disorders and osteoporosis. 922 83

Thyroid disorders represent the second most common endocrine disorder after diabetes mellitus. For this reason, investigation of thyroid function is frequently carried out, taking advantage of numerous tests currently available. It it the physicians's difficult task to select the most appropriate assay(s) in the different pathophysiological conditions from the bewildering array of thyroid function tests, in order to satisfy optimal diagnostic standards, but also to fulfill cost/benefit criteria. Aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of advantages and disadvantages of main thyroid function tests, and to suggest a testing strategy for the diagnosis of suspected thyroid dysfunction.
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PMID:Diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction: present and future. 923 11

The incidence of endocrine dysfunction in relation to the detailed genotype of beta-thalassaemia is investigated in this study. In addition, the association of genotype to specific clinical features of beta-thalassaemia is examined, together with the relationship between serum ferritin levels and endocrine complications. Ninety-seven patients were included, all with transfusion dependent beta-thalassaemia. Patients were divided into 2 categories; group 1 consisted of patients with a beta0/beta0 genotype with or without a concomitant alpha-globin gene deletion as well as patients with beta0/beta+ or beta+/beta+ genotype and normal alpha-globin chain synthesis. Group 2 included patients with beta+/beta+ or beta+/beta0 genotype and one alpha-globin chain deletion and those with a moderate amount of beta-globin chain synthesis (beta++) and normal alpha-globin chain synthesis. The results showed that group 1 patients were more likely to have severe clinical disease (p=0.005). Sixty-four patients (66%) had at least 1 endocrine disorder and 39 (40%) had multiple endocrinopathies; the most common abnormality was hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH). There was a significant association between patients with group 1 genotypes and the presence of HH and impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. A positive correlation was demonstrated between serum ferritin concentrations and the presence of thyroid or parathyroid dysfunction.
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PMID:Incidence of endocrine complications and clinical disease severity related to genotype analysis and iron overload in patients with beta-thalassaemia. 929 54

Diabetic retinopathy is the commonest cause of blindness amongst individuals of working age. The onset of retinopathy is variable. Regular ophthalmic screening is essential in order to detect treatable lesions early. Retinal laser therapy is highly effective in slowing the progression of retinopathy and in preventing blindness. As the sufferers of diabetes mellitus, the commonest endocrine disorder, now constitute approximately 1-2% of Western populations, concerted multidisciplinary effort must be made towards cost-effective community screening by the medical community.
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PMID:Diabetic retinopathy. 964 Apr 36

103 patients from a group of 115 patients with catecholamine secreting tumours were reinvestigated 7.0 +/- 4.9 years following surgery. Throughout the follow-up period 15 patients had died. In four of them death was definitively, in seven subjects possibly associated to the primary endocrine disorder. Following surgery improvement of general well-being was documented in 85% of the patients. Hypertension was corrected in 61 %, but 26% of the patients remained hypertensive and symptoms of hypotension like orthostasis developed in 24%. A significant increase in weight (> 5 kg) was observed in 26% of the subjects throughout the follow-up period, but did not result in a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus which had to be treated in 16% of the patients before and only 14% following surgery. However, palpitations, increased sweating and headache persisted in 16%, 17% and 12% of the patients, respectively. Symptoms of cardiac insufficiency developed in 32%. Persistent discomfort related to the scar was reported by 55% of the patients following lumbar surgery and by 30% of the subjects that were operated on via a transabdominal approach. Hence we conclude that surgery of catecholamine-secreting tumours results in an improvement of health and well-being in most subjects according to objective criteria as well as to the judgement of the patients themselves.
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PMID:Follow-up in 103 patients with catecholamine-secreting tumours. 973 87

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and oligomenorrhea (O/M). PCOS has variable clinical phenotypes, biochemical features, and metabolic abnormalities. To determine the prevalence of PCOS in the Greek population as well as the metabolic parameters, we performed a cross-sectional study of 192 women of reproductive age (17-45 yr), living on the Greek island of Lesbos. They were divided into 4 groups according to the presence of hirsutism (defined as a Ferriman-Gallwey score > or = 6) and O/M: group N (n = 108), regular menses and absence of hirsutism; group 1 (n = 56), regular menses and hirsutism; group 2 (n = 10), O/M and absence of hirsutism; and group 3 (n = 18), O/M and hirsutism. Body mass index, waist to hip ratio, and mean blood pressure did not differ among the studied groups. Hormonal profile was assessed by measuring free testosterone (FT). The prevalence of PCOS, defined by the presence of O/M and biochemical hyperandrogenism (FT > or = 95th percentile of the normal women), was estimated to be 6.77% (13 women of 192). Higher FT levels were observed in group 3 (O/M and hirsutism) compared with groups N (P < 0.00001) and 1 (P < 0.0001) and in groups 1 (hirsutism) and 2 (O/M) compared with group N (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.005, respectively). Sex hormone-binding globulin levels were lower in women with PCOS and in groups 1 and 3 than those in group N (P < 0.002, P < 0.02, and P < 0.002, respectively) independently of the body mass index. The metabolic profile was investigated by measurements of fasting glucose (FG), fasting insulin (FI), and estimation of the fasting glucose to insulin ratio (FG:I ratio). After covariance adjusted for the BMI, FI levels were higher in group 3 and in women with PCOS than in the normal (P < 0.005 and P < 0.002, respectively) and the hirsute (P < 0.05 and P < 0.02, respectively) women, whereas FG levels did not differ among the studied groups. The FG:I ratio was lower in group 3, group 1, and in women with PCOS than in normal women (P < 0.05). Finally, a high incidence of family history of diabetes mellitus (P = 0.001) and menstrual disorders (P = 0.01) was observed in women with PCOS, in contrast to the normal and hirsute women. In conclusion, PCOS appears to be a particularly common endocrine disorder in the Greek population under study (prevalence, 6.77%); furthermore, it is associated with certain metabolic abnormalities. These data also suggest that the severity of the fasting hyperinsulinemia is associated with the severity of the clinical phenotype of hyperandrogenism independently of obesity.
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PMID:A survey of the polycystic ovary syndrome in the Greek island of Lesbos: hormonal and metabolic profile. 1056 41

Endocrine diseases may present with musculoskeletal complaints, and their outcome, even after endocrine control, can be impaired by bone and joint disorders. All musculoskeletal structures, including bone, cartilage, synovium, tendons and ligaments, can be involved by some processes triggered by the endocrine disorder and its related disturbances of homeostasis, including that of growth factors. Endocrine disorders may account for 20-30% of all cases of osteopenia or osteoporosis in adults, the main causes being central and peripheral hypogonadism, endogenous and exogenous hypercorticism or hyperthyroidism, and primary hyperparathyroidism. The physician should be aware of these identifiable and treatable causes of bone loss when interpreting bone mineral density measurements. It is also valuable to evaluate bone status in patients diagnosed with these endocrine disorders. Specific bone therapeutic measures could be discussed. Other frequent musculoskeletal features include myopathy and joint and soft tissue involvement. Endocrine myopathy is frequent in most of the endocrine disorders and is non-specific since proximal painless muscle weakness associated with normal serum enzyme levels and an uncommonly encountered electromyogram myopathic pattern are present in these diseases. Soft tissue involvement is also a frequent consequence of acromegaly, hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus. There is also a risk of nerve entrapment syndromes in these conditions. Specific arthropathies are the hallmark of acromegaly at the spinal and peripheral joints. Neuroarthropathies are a severe complication of diabetes mellitus as a result of infection, neuropathy and vasculopathy. In all these settings, the physician should be aware that endocrine disorders are part of the differential diagnosis and, conversely, that these articular and peri-articular lesions should be managed independently of the control of the underlying endocrine condition, a specific outcome being borne in mind.
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PMID:Osteoarticular disorders of endocrine origin. 1092 44

Gene therapy for endocrine diseases represents an exciting new type of molecular intervention that may be a curative one. Endocrine disorders that might be treated by gene therapy include monogenic diseases, such as GH deficiency and hypothalamic diabetes insipidus, and multifactorial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity and cancer. Premises seem promising for endocrine tumours, but many combined approaches of cell and gene therapy are foreseeable also for other endocrine disorders. This review outlines the principles of gene therapy, describes the endocrine disorders that might take advantage of gene transfer approaches, as well as the gene therapy interventions that have already been attempted, their major limitations and the problems that remain to be solved.
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PMID:New perspectives for gene therapy in endocrinology. 1102 90

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is a worldwide endocrine disorder afflicting persons of all races and age groups. At the molecular level NIDDM is often characterized by impaired insulin action on peripheral tissues. One important mechanism in regulating insulin signaling is mediated by protein tyrosine phosphatases, which may act on the insulin receptor itself and/or its substrates. Understanding the molecular events triggered by insulin has undoubtedly provided important clues in the treatment of NIDDM. In particular, the use of mouse models has helped us to focus on specific gene targets that are involved in the onset and progression of diabetes. Here we present an overview of the biochemical and genetic evidence supporting the role of five protein tyrosine phosphatases in insulin-mediated responses.
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PMID:Modulation of insulin signaling by protein tyrosine phosphatases. 1114 Mar 73

We report a case of multicentric, biatrial cardiac myxoma in a 29-year-old female who complained of exertional dyspnea, abdominal distension and peripheral edema. Any other associated skin lesions, breast mass or endocrine disorder presenting complex form were' not seen on her. Also, there was no contributory medical history, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. By using transthoracic echocardiography, we identified a biatrial myxoma attached to the interatrial septum. During surgical excision, we found a large right atrial myxoma with extension through the fossa ovalis into the left atrium and small myxoma attached to the right atrial free wall. After successful resection of interatrial septum and free wall, atrial septal defect was created during the resection and safely repaired by bovine pericardial patch.
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PMID:Multicentric biatrial myxoma in a young female patient: case report. 1124 13


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