Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the Tri-State Leukemia Survey, the history of diseases in 605 adult male leukemia cases 15 years and older and in 668 adult male population controls was examined. These diseases occurred at least 1 year before leukemia was diagnosed. The data were based on respondents' answers that the disease was diagnosed by a physician; the respondent was either the subject or his spouse. Of 30 diseases studied, 7 showed an excess among the patients with leukemia: infectious hepatitis, eczema, psoriasis, diabetes, arthritis and rheumatism, heart disease, and ankylosing spondylitis. Mumps had a lower reported occurrence among the cases, whereas pneumonia was less frequent in acute lymphatic cases than in population controls. Three diseases occurred significantly less in controls than in persons with specific histologic types of leukemia. Our data revealed a more frequent history of herpes zoster (shingles) in chronic lymphatic leukemia, more hives in acute chronic myeloid cases, and meningitis in acute myeloid leukemia. When we only considered the patients' responses, more of them admitted having had acne than did our controls. The remaining diseases--childhood viral diseases, infectious mononucleosis, smallpox, typhoid fever, dysentery, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, asthma, hay fever, and goiter did not occur more frequently in cases than in controls. The findings were consistent with evidence from previous laboratory and clinical studies. The increased occurrence of infectious hepatitis in our case series is consistent with the findings of other studies showing an increased frequency of Australia antigen in patients with hepatitis, leukemia, and Down's syndrome.
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PMID:Epidemiology of diseases in adult males with leukemia. 99 1

Simultaneous bilateral rupture of the quadriceps has several causative pathogenetic factors. On the one hand there is diabetes with macro- and microangiopathy, on the other hand acute and chronic inflammatory processes such as spotted fever and leptospirosis, dysentery and hepatitis are worth mentioning. It is also interesting that the history contains statements on an Osgood-Schlatter disease in the left knee and a suspected meniscus lesion during the war years. The daily bending of the knee by this relatively old patient must be seen as a chronic lesion of over-strain.
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PMID:[Simultaneous bilateral rupture of the quadriceps (author's transl)]. 679 43

In traditional healing, practitioners use barks, leaves, nuts, fruit juices and roots, and parts of domestic animals. They practice their craft mostly in Africa, Asia, and other Third World countries, and they are variously called juju priests, diviners, herbalists, and witch doctors. Cases of achievements in their contributions to preventive and curative health have been documented. In Nigeria, clients regularly patronize both orthodox and traditional medical practitioners. Their remedies include healing the bite of the very poisonous carpet viper, chronic bronchitis, peptic ulcer, and heart problems, as well as performing uvulectomy and tonsillectomy. Quinine, the cure for malaria, was originally the ritual medicine of the Incas of Peru. It was confirmed that Azadirachta Indica (Meliaceae), the neem tree, used against malaria in Nigeria, India, and Asia, had a potent antiplasmodial activity. The plant Streblus asper, Linn (Shakhotoha Siora) is well known in Indian Ayurvedic medicine to treat fever, filariasis, dysentery, and diarrhea. The alkaloids derived from the Madagascan periwinkle Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae), used in a West Indian remedy for diabetes mellitus, have antitumor activity. The drug Maytensine, obtained from Mytenus ovatus Loes (Celastraceae), was found to be a powerful antitumor agent in animals. Tea made from the leaves of Osyris wightiana stimulated the flow of breast milk and also acted as a labor-inducing agent. Saponaria officinalis and Enterobbium cyclocarpum are both used in Egypt and Tanzania as spermicide contraceptives. A 1985 survey in Cross River State, Nigeria, demonstrated that 165 (61%) of respondents went to traditional healers for treatment. Part of their continued popularity is the person-centered approach that is virtually lacking in orthodox hospitals, although this humanistic approach to therapy is gradually gaining inroads into Western medical education. The services of both kinds of medicine could be harmonized by open-minded appraisal, identification of positive aspects, and acceptance of their complimentary nature.
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PMID:Exploration of the frontiers of tradomedical practices: basis for development of alternative medical healthcare services in developing countries. 841 Sep 12

The present population in South Africa, roughly 43 million inhabitants, is made up of Africans (77.2%), whites (10.5%), Coloureds (mixed race) (8.8%) and Indians (2.5%). In 1900 the infant mortality rate (IMR) among Africans was 330 per 1,000 live births; this has now fallen to 50-60. In Soweto, a primarily African city, IMR averages 20-25. Life expectancy in the past was only 25-30 years; by 1995, this reached 63 years. However, this could fall again due to the rapidly spreading HIV/AIDS epidemic. Life expectancy could fall to 40-45 years by 2010 with the AIDS epidemic being the cause of half of all deaths--a disastrous change from the previous relatively commendable public health situation. Formerly, the most common causes of deaths in young people were infections, diseases associated with malnutrition and gastroenteritis. Adults died almost solely from infections, including typhoid, dysentery, malaria and tuberculosis (TB). Even though diseases associated with malnutrition are less common today, many infections still remain a major problem, particularly TB, which is increasing. As late as 1970, Africans who reached 50 years had longer life expectancy than whites due to the low prevalences of the chronic diseases of lifestyle. This is no longer so, due to the recent rises in non-communicable disorders/diseases, principally obesity in women, hypertension, diabetes, stroke and the cancers of prosperity. In the not so distant future, the level of control of HIV/AIDS related diseases will be the major health/disease regulating factor among Africans. Among white, Coloured and Indian populations, there have been falls in the mortality rates of the young and, despite rises in lifestyle diseases, increases in life expectancy are continuing. For all populations other important public health regulatory factors include water supply, sanitation, clinic/hospital services and personal environmental factors, employment, dietary pattern and intake, smoking practices and alcohol consumption and physical activity, particularly in urban dwellers. Unfortunately, public health expenditure, also a highly regulating factor, has fallen from 8.2% of the gross domestic product in 1994 to 4.1% in 2000.
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PMID:Changes in public health in South Africa from 1876. 1146 13

Taiwan's population has undergone rapid growth. From 3000000 in 1906. It had grown to 6000000 by 1941. By the end of 1996 the total population has reached 21500000. This large population is served by over 120000 health professionals. For every 10000 people there are 12.91 doctors (including 11.52 Western medical doctors and 1.39 Chinese medical doctors), 3.37 dentists and 9.36 pharmacists. There has been a huge change in causes of mortality. Under the Japanese occupation, the main causes of death were malaria, pneumonia, dysentery, enteritis, and pulmonary tuberculosis. After the return to Chinese control, the main causes were acute contagious diseases and digestive tract disease. At present, malignant tumors, cerebrovascular accident, heart disease, and diabetes are the main causes of death. With the development of the health-care system, infectious diseases have been controlled or eliminated. Malaria was eradicated from the island in 1956.
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PMID:Modern medicine in Taiwan (II). 1162 Apr 86

The present ethnobotanical exploration study presents the folk medicinal uses of certain plants by tribes of the Sonbhadra district in the Uttar Pradesh state of India. One hundred and twenty five plants from 57 families, which are therapeutically used against different diseases, such as cough, cold, dysentery, diarrhoea, ulcers, diabetes, male and female weakness, snake-bite and skin disorders are covered in this report. Part of the plant used, dosage and the mode of drug administration in different ailments are described.
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PMID:Medical ethnobotany of the tribals of Sonaghati of Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India. 1202 Sep 25

An update on clinical aspects of HIV in africa highlights new proposed clinical definitions of adult AIDS and of tuberculosis in HIV+ adults, and staging of adult HIV infection. The 1986 WHO clinical definition of AIDS has been widely used in Africa, but now research suggests that this definition has several limitations: the definition will pick up several unrelated diseases such as diabetes mellitus and renal failure. It does not ascertain cases of AIDS marked by nonopportunistic infections. Most persons with pulmonary tuberculosis may be wrongly diagnosed with AIDS by this definition. The study showed that the WHO clinical definition has good specificity and positive predictive value for HIV+ people, but its positive predictive value fell to 30% in identifying people with AIDS in Africa. New definitions should take into account any serious morbidity, tuberculosis, neurological disease, both endemic localized Kaposi's, and aggressive typical Kaposi's sarcoma, and HIV serological testing. Tuberculosis is a problem because few HIV+ people suspected of having pulmonary TB (sputum-negative TB) actually have it based on bronchoscopy, while HIV+ persons with TB experience high mortality, often from pyogenic bacteremia. HIV+ persons with TB suffer high rates of relapse, possibly related to insufficient drug treatment or reinfection. 1 study showed that 6 months of isoniazid significantly improved incidence of TB over 30 months of follow-up. Staging of AIDS in Africa based on degree of immunosuppression was proposed as: 1) clinically inapparent HIV infection marked by pulmonary TB, soft tissue infections, and community acquired pneumonia; 2) lymphadenopathy, oral thrush, widespread pruritic maculopapular rash, herpes zoster, enteric illness, dysentery, and Kaposi's sarcoma; and 3) HIV wasting syndrome, chronic pulmonary disease, meningitis, and fever of unknown origin.
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PMID:Some clinical aspects of HIV infection in Africa. 1231 68

Beri-Beri is caused by vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. Thiamine is essential for carbohydrate metabolism and the generation of energy. Depending on age and calorie intake, 1-1.5mg/day are required with a 50% increase during pregnancy and lactation. Fever and increased muscular activity will also increase thiamine requirements (storage in muscles is limited, and reserves are quickly depleted). The sources of thiamine are meat, the outer layer of cereal grains and pulses, nuts, and leafy vegetables. The vitamin is lost during milling and processing and during excessive cooking. Beri-beri takes 2 forms: wet beri-beri which has a high output biventricular failure with edema associated with profound peripheral vasodilation and tachycardia (this also occurs in an acute fulminating form known as shoshin beri-beri) and dry beri-beri with symptoms of peripheral neuropathy with taxia, weakness, paraesthesia, and patchy sensory loss with areflexia. In this form, foot and/or wrist drop may occur. Thiamine deficiency can also produce Wernicke-Korsakoff psychosis characterized by vomiting, horizontal nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, memory loss, and confabulation. Wet beri-beri is a medical emergency treated by intravenous administration of thiamine for several days. 38 patients (27 men and 11 women) were identified with beri-beri in urban Banjul in the Gambia. 14 had wet beri-beri, 11 a mixed presentation, and 13 dry beri-beri. Most of the patients were disabled for many months. Risk factors were pregnancy, alcohol consumption, fever, exercise, diabetes, and dysentery. 4 of the patients died (2 were in the last trimester of pregnancy). The staple diet in urban areas of the Gambia is imported, polished white rice in a groundnut- or oil-based sauce with fish and vegetables such as peppers, onions, and tomatoes. Meat is too expensive for the urban poor, and fruit and vegetable consumption is highly seasonal and income-dependent. There is little chance that this diet will be changed for the 46% of the population who live in urban areas. It is likely that a substantial proportion of the population has subclinical thiamine deficiency and are at risk of beri-beri. Since thiamine added to imported rice will be destroyed by traditional means of cooking, adding the vitamin to wheat flour may be an appropriate public health measure.
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PMID:Beri-beri: "Endemic amongst urban Gambians". 1231 72

The methanolic extract of Murraya koenigii leaf was screened for toxicological and biochemical effects on rats because of the folkloric uses as an anti-dysentery and anti-diabetes. The extract was moderately toxic (LD(50)=316.23 mg/kg body weight) to rats and had appreciable effect on the liver and kidney at higher doses leading to liver inflammation. It had little or no effect on haematology and relative organ weight of lungs, heart and spleen. Acute doses (500 mg/kg) reduced significantly serum globulin, albumin, urea, glucose, total protein, aspartate transaminase (AST), and increased cholesterol and alanine transaminase (ALT) indicating hepatic injury. However, chronic administration for 14 days gave a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the serum cholesterol, glucose, urea, bilirubin, ALT and AST showing that the plant has hypoglycaemic and hepatoprotective effects after prolonged use. The activity demonstrated by some of the isolated carbazole alkaloids and their derivatives against Trichomonas gallinae confirmed that the anti-trichomonal activity of the leaf may be due to its carbazole alkaloids. The order of activity was C(18)>C(23)>C(13). Girinimbine and girinimbilol with IC(50) values of 1.08 and 1.20 microg/ml were the most active. Acetylation of girinimbilol and mahanimbilol improved their activities to 0.60 and 1.08 microg/ml.
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PMID:Anti-trichomonal, biochemical and toxicological activities of methanolic extract and some carbazole alkaloids isolated from the leaves of Murraya koenigii growing in Nigeria. 1649 27

Kaempferia parviflora is one of the plants in the Zingiberaceae family, locally known in Thai as kra-chai-dam. In Thai traditional medicine, the decoction of Kaempferia parviflora powder with alcohol has been reported to cure allergy, asthma, impotence, gout, diarrhea, dysentery, peptic ulcer and diabetes. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate anti-allergic substances from this plant. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of seven methoxyflavone derivatives (1-7) from Kaempferia parviflora extract and they were identified on the basis of spectroscopic methods. Among the compounds tested, 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (5) possessed the highest anti-allergic activity against antigen-induced beta-hexosaminidase release as a marker of degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells with an IC(50) value of 8.0 microM, followed by 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (2, IC(50)=20.6 microM) and 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone (4, IC(50)=26.0 microM), whereas others showed moderate activities (IC(50)=37.5-66.5 microM). Structure-activity trends of 7-methoxyflavone derivatives on anti-allergic activity can be summarized as follows: (1) substitution with vicinal methoxyl groups at positions 3' and 4' conferred higher activity than only one methoxylation, (2) methoxylation at position 3 reduced activity and (3) methoxylation at position 5 showed higher activity than hydroxylation. Compounds 2, 4 and 5 were also determined for their mechanisms on ionomycin-induced beta-hexosaminidase release. The results indicated that the mechanism on inhibition of cell degranulation of compounds 2 and 5 mainly involve the inhibition of Ca(2+) influx to the cells, whereas that of 4 may be partly due to this inhibition. In regards to the active constituents for anti-allergic activity of Kaempferia parviflora, 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (5), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (2) and 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone (4) are responsible for anti-allergic effect of this plant. The findings support the traditional use of Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes for treatment of allergy and allergy-related diseases.
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PMID:Anti-allergic activity of compounds from Kaempferia parviflora. 1807 18


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