Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a serine/threonine protein kinase, which forms active complexes with p35 or p39 expressed predominantly in neurons. Cdk5 is indispensable for the development of the central nervous system through regulation of neuronal migration. In mature neurons, Cdk5 has been implicated in various signaling transduction pathways, which contribute to functional neuronal activity. It has been widely accepted that aberrant Cdk5 activity induced by the conversion of p35 to p25 plays roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Cdk5 also contributes to adaptive changes in the brain related to drug addiction. Moreover, recent studies suggest that Cdk5 plays crucial roles in physiological functions in non-neuronal cells such as glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic -cells. The present evidence indicates that Cdk5 might be a potential drug target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, drug abuse and diabetes mellitus. This review focuses on the implication of Cdk5 in the signaling pathways of both neurodegenerative diseases and drug abuse, and the mechanism of Cdk5 involvement in insulin secretion. This review also discusses the possibility of using Cdk5 inhibitors as therapeutic drugs.
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PMID:Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5): a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes mellitus. 1797 10

Comorbidities may affect the decision to treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We undertook this study to determine the prevalence of these conditions in the HCV-infected persons compared with HCV-uninfected controls. Demographic and comorbidity data were retrieved for HCV-infected and -uninfected subjects from the VA National Patient Care Database using ICD-9 codes. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds of comorbid conditions in the HCV-infected subjects. HCV-uninfected controls were identified matched on age, race/ethnicity and sex. We identified 126 926 HCV-infected subjects and 126 926 controls. The HCV-infected subjects had a higher prevalence of diabetes, anaemia, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/asthma, cirrhosis, hepatitis B and cancer, but had a lower prevalence of coronary artery disease and stroke. The prevalence of all psychiatric comorbidities and substance abuse was higher in the HCV-infected subjects. In the HCV-infected persons, the odds of being diagnosed with congestive heart failure, diabetes, anaemia, hypertension, COPD/asthma, cirrhosis, hepatitis B and cancer were higher, but lower for coronary artery disease and stroke. After adjusting for alcohol and drug abuse and dependence, the odds of psychiatric illness were not higher in the HCV-infected persons. The prevalence and patterns of comorbidities in HCV-infected veterans are different from those in HCV-uninfected controls. The association between HCV and psychiatric diagnoses is at least partly attributable to alcohol and drug abuse and dependence. These factors should be taken into account when evaluating patients for treatment and designing new intervention strategies.
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PMID:Co-morbid medical and psychiatric illness and substance abuse in HCV-infected and uninfected veterans. 1807 Feb 93

Drug abuse is associated with significant health risk. Whether drug abusers are at a higher risk of suffering the metabolic syndrome is not widely known. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, including hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and abdominal obesity, and is probably triggered by initial imbalances at the cellular level in various critical metabolic pathways. These initially small metabolic imbalances are believed to cascade with time and lead to larger problems. Some indications that drug abuse may increase the risk of the metabolic syndrome include the following: Drug-abusing patients have higher rates of diabetes complications. Substance abuse is a significant contributing factor for treatment noncompliance in diabetes. Nutrition education can enhance substance abuse treatment outcomes. Each type of drug/substance abuse has a unique profile of toxicity. For example, the amphetamines generally affect the cardiovascular and neurological systems, worsening the risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. Methamphetamine (meth) abusers suffer cognitive deficits and abnormal metabolic activity, which affect nutritional status. This condition is further worsened by a drastic reduction in oral health in meth abusers, resulting in improper chewing and, therefore, digestion. Nutritional deficiency in combination with drug abuse would increase the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome by increasing cell damage, augmenting excitotoxicity, reducing energy production, and lowering the antioxidant potential of the cells. Another potential risk factor in the development of the metabolic syndrome is genetic vulnerability, especially in combination with drug abuse and nutritional deficiencies. The strategies available to treat this problem include pharmacological agents as well as dietary antioxidants. Such measures may be useful in reducing drug abuse-related toxicity that may lead to the metabolic syndrome.
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PMID:Metabolic syndrome in drug abuse. 1807 64

The reservation was a littered muddy wasteland, and its population endured poor health, not unlike a third world country. Native American patients suffered from conditions of squalor, alcoholism, diabetes, and drug abuse. I was initially enthusiastic to serve this population, but my ideals and tolerance were challenged through time and experience. Rescuing a teenage girl in labor with a footling breech brought my cultural incompetence to a head. I searched for validation of my service and meaningful purpose in my efforts.
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PMID:Stuck in the mud. 1819 19

Clozapine remains one of the most commonly used antipsychotic medications in China. As China has the largest population internationally on clozapine treatment, its experience and research findings are of keen interest to Western psychiatrists. However, most of the related papers have hitherto been published only in Chinese language journals. Here we review mainly Chinese-language publications on the use of clozapine in China. A descriptive study based on literature identified from searches of Medline and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases (1979-2007), and other hand-picked references. Unlike the situation in other countries, clozapine is still widely used for a number of psychiatric disorders in China, though the prescription of other second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) is also increasing. About 25-60% of all treated patients with schizophrenia receive clozapine; and clozapine is preferred by some as a first-line treatment for schizophrenia. Clozapine is also used for other conditions such as mania, treatment-resistant depression and drug abuse. The average daily dose is between 200 and 400 mg. The incidence of leukopenia is 3.92% and agranulocytosis 0.21% in China, with about one third of reported cases of patients with agranulocytosis dying. Weight gain and clozapine-associated diabetes are also commonly reported in the Chinese population. Clozapine is currently the most commonly used treatment for schizophrenia in China. Chinese psychiatrists need to pay more attention to its potential toxic side effects when they make drug choices.
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PMID:Clozapine in China. 1820 45

This review covers recent progress in the discovery of selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists. Potential therapeutic applications of selective GR antagonists are described including the pharmacological rationale and, in some cases, clinical evidence that underlies these proposed uses. Disease areas that are discussed are Cushing's syndrome, psychotic depression, diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, neuropathic pain, drug abuse, and glaucoma. Methods for evaluating GR antagonist properties (binding, functional, and in vivo assays) are briefly covered. Early research on steroidal ligands which led to the identification of the non-selective GR antagonist RU-486 (mifepristone) and the GR-selective steroid RU-43044 is reviewed as is subsequent work on related steroidal compounds. Structure activity relationships (SAR) of nonsteroidal GR antagonists from the following structural classes are presented: octahydrophenanthrenes, spirocyclic dihydropyridines, triphenylmethanes and diaryl ethers, chromenes, dibenzyl anilines, dihydroisoquinolines, pyrimidinediones, azadecalins, and aryl pyrazolo azadecalins.
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PMID:Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. 1853 90

Foetal growth from conception to birth is a complex process predetermined by the genetic configuration of the foetus, the availability of nutrients and oxygen to the foetus, maternal nutrition and various growth factors and hormones of maternal, foetal and placental origin. Maintenance of the optimal foetal environment is the key factor of the future quality of life. Such conditions like inadequate nutrition and oxygen supply, infection, hypertension, gestational diabetes or drug abuse by the mother, expose the foetus to nonphysiological environment. In conditions of severe intrauterine deprivation, there is a potential loss of structural units within the developing organ systems affecting their functionality and efficiency. Extensive human epidemiologic and animal model data indicate that during critical periods of prenatal and postnatal mammalian development, nutrition and other environmental stimuli influence developmental pathways and thereby induce permanent changes in metabolism and chronic disease susceptibility. The studies reviewed in this article show how environmental factors influence a diverse array of molecular mechanisms and consequently alter disease risk including diseases such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, neuropsychiatric disorders, osteoporosis, asthma and immune system diseases.
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PMID:Nongenomic memory of foetal history in chronic diseases development. 1898 84

This article provides an overview on the management of risk factors to prevent primary strokes, the gaps in successful management, and future directions for the research and management of stroke risk factors. The major focus is given to the management of modifiable risk factors for stroke, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation and other cardiac conditions, carotid artery stenosis, smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity, and obesity. A brief discussion on the management of potentially modifiable risk factors, such as alcohol and drug abuse, sleep apnea, and hyperhomocysteinemia, is included, as is the use of antiplatelet therapy in primary stroke prevention. Finally, prognostic scores to assess an individual risk for a first stroke are reviewed.
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PMID:Risk factor management to prevent first stroke. 1902 1

The taxing transition from adolescence towards adulthood intensifies the impact of a chronic illness such as Type 1 diabetes. It is not uncommon for young people with Type 1 diabetes to use recreational drugs for emotional relief to escape the day-to-day burden of chronic disease. Despite increasing use, especially in the setting of 'rave' parties, there is professional lack of understanding of the impact of recreational drug use on glycaemia and metabolic complications. The current review describes the prevalence of substance abuse in Type 1 diabetes and the acute impact of designer drugs on its management. We propose a practical approach to improve care of young people with Type 1 diabetes using designer drugs.
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PMID:Managing young people with Type 1 diabetes in a 'rave' new world: metabolic complications of substance abuse in Type 1 diabetes. 1938 60

Approximately 3.2 million people in the United States have chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection; the primary cause for adult liver transplantation and a significant burden on healthcare resources. The role of HCV and other risk factors in development of HCC in patients with chronic kidney disease is not well defined. We studied predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in dialysis patients with chronic HCV by analyzing factors associated with its development. Data were extracted from the United States Renal Database System (USRDS) using ICD-9 codes. Variables included were gender, race, duration on dialysis and co-morbidities (alcohol abuse, drug abuse, HIV, hepatitis B, diabetes and/or presence of cirrhosis). Among the 32 806 HCV infected subjects, 262 cases had HCC. HCC was 12 times more likely in subjects with cirrhosis (P < 0.001), three times more likely in subjects with alcohol abuse (P < 0.001), and 1.3 times more likely in subjects with diabetes (P = 0.04). Asians were three times more likely (P < 0.001) to have HCC. Females were less likely to have HCC compared to males (P = 0.002). The likelihood of having HCC increased with age (P =0.001). This population-based study demonstrates that among subjects with HCV on dialysis, those with cirrhosis, Asian race and history of alcohol abuse are at highest risk for development of HCC. Furthermore, these findings indicate links between HCV and HCC which are valuable in case management for identifying; monitoring, and managing dialysis patients with HCC.
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PMID:Hepatitis C progressing to hepatocellular carcinoma: the HCV dialysis patient in dilemma. 1956 87


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