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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To investigate whether vaccination could induce lethal shock and which mechanisms are involved in this phenomenon, we tested a panel of autoantigens or diabetes-irrelevant peptides or proteins in nonobese diabetic (NOD), Balb/c, and C57Bl/6 mice. Of the antigens tested, only nondiabetogenic hen egg white lysozyme induced a severe form of shock exclusively in NOD mice. The mechanism involved is suggestive of a Th(2)-mediated anaphylactic reaction possibly connected to activation of PAF and triggering of DIC.
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PMID:Hen egg white lysozyme vaccination induces acute shock in NOD mice. 1467 62

Severe anemia, growth retardation, diabetes mellitus, cardiac disorders, and, infrequently, stroke are well-known complications of thalassemia major. We report a girl, age 7 years, 2 months, with beta-thalassemia major associated with chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus, and cardiomyopathy in whom a silent stroke was noted during follow-up. She was diagnosed with thalassemia major at age 6 months, chronic renal failure at age 3 years, 3 months, and diabetes mellitus and cardiomyopathy at age 7 years. Although cranial computed tomography was found to be normal at the age of 3 years, 3 months, magnetic resonance imaging showed cerebral infarct in the right frontal region at 7 years, 2 months. A thrombophilic panel revealed increased factor VIII and decreased protein C concentrations. She died from disseminated intravascular coagulation at age 7 years, 9 months. We did not record any clinical findings of stroke during her follow-up. We think that diabetes mellitus, dilated cardiomyopathy, and increased factor VIII and decreased protein C concentrations led to the occurrence of cerebral infarct. In conclusion, we emphasize that children with thalassemia major should be monitored closely for stroke. We also suggest that stroke can show a silent progression in severely affected children, as in our case.
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PMID:Silent stroke in a case of beta-thalassemia major associated with chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus. 1469 9

Microparticles are small membrane vesicles that are released from cells upon activation or during apoptosis. Cellular microparticles in body fluids constitute a heterogeneous population, differing in cellular origin, numbers, size, antigenic composition and functional properties. Microparticles support coagulation by exposure of negatively charged phospholipids and sometimes tissue factor, the initiator of coagulation in vivo. Microparticles may transfer bioactive molecules to other cells or microparticles, thereby stimulating cells to produce cytokines, cell-adhesion molecules, growth factors and tissue factor, and modulate endothelial functions. Microparticles derived from various cells, most notably platelets but also leucocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes and endothelial cells, are present in the circulation of healthy subjects. Rare hereditary syndromes with disturbances in membrane vesiculation leading to a decreased numbers of microparticles clinically present with a bleeding tendency. In contrast, elevated numbers of microparticles are encountered in patients with a great variety of diseases with vascular involvement and hypercoagulability, including disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute coronary syndromes, peripheral arterial disease, diabetes mellitus and systemic inflammatory disease. Finally, microparticles are a major component of human atherosclerotic plaques. In view of their functional properties, cell-derived microparticles may be an important intermediate in the cascade of cellular and plasmatic dysfunctions underlying the process of atherogenesis.
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PMID:Cellular microparticles: new players in the field of vascular disease? 1520 Apr 90

Hypercoagulability is widely associated with sepsis, inflammation, diabetes, cancers, aging, and many pathological conditions, resulting in life-threatening disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), venous thrombosis, thromboembolism, cardiovascular complications, or even deadly multiple organ failure. Relieving coagulation dysfunction is not only a task for research scientists but also a challenge for physicians. The development of effective anticoagulants is under way with the basic understanding of the pathophysiology of hypercoagulable state. In this overview, various anticoagulants will be discussed according to the proposed inhibitory target-sites along the extrinsic pathway that is believed to play an integral role in homeostasis. Anticoagulants generally fall into two broad categories as natural or pharmacological ones. Antithrombin (AT), activated protein C (APC), and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) mainly constitute the natural anticoagulant system apart from the recently reported physiological components such as lipoproteins, sphingosine, thrombomodulin (TM) or cellular Marcks protein. Pharmacological anticoagulants include warfarin, FVIIa inhibitors, FXa inhibitors, and thrombin inhibition by its direct inhibitors or heparins. In addition, a group of novel compounds inhibiting TF-dependent FVII activation result in anticoagulation; such upstream downregulation in the extrinsic pathway awaits further research to establish their in vivo benefits. The molecular genetic approaches such as developing soluble TF, FVII and thrombin mutants provide unique downregulation. Anticoagulation also extends its significance to anti-inflammation, making broad impacts on the improvement of human health.
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PMID:Biochemical strategies to anticoagulation: a comparative overview. 1532 Aug 20

We report a case of maternal mortality in a 34-year-old multipara who presented at the 35th week of gestation with severe hypoglycaemia. She had no history of diabetes mellitus. This episode was a prelude to catastrophic and refractory congestive cardiac failure due to previously undiagnosed severe mitral stenosis. The rapid cardiovascular deterioration initially appeared to be consistent with amniotic fluid embolism. She also developed deranged liver function with disseminated intravascular coagulation, which mimicked acute fatty liver of pregnancy. The problems of diagnosis and management are discussed. Unfortunately the patient died before mitral valvular commissurotomy could be effected.
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PMID:Severe mitral stenosis in a parturient with congestive cardiac failure and hypoglycaemia. 1532 Dec 12

In order to appraise some of the ethnomedical uses of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst., subspecies caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro [family: Anacardiaceae], the present study was undertaken to investigate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties of the plant's stem-bark aqueous extract in experimental models of pain, inflammation and diabetes mellitus. The analgesic effect of Sclerocarya birrea stem-bark aqueous extract was evaluated in mice, while its anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects were investigated in rats. Diclofenac (DIC, 100 mg/kg p. o.) and chlorpropamide (250 mg/kg p. o.) were used respectively as reference analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic agents for comparison. Like diclofenac (DIC, 100 mg/kg p. o.), Sclerocarya birrea stem-bark aqueous extract (SBE, 100-800 mg/kg p. o.) produced dose-dependent, significant protection (p < 0.05-0.001) against electrical heat-induced pain. The plant extract (SBE, 25-800 mg/kg p. o.) also produced dose- and time-related, sustained and significant reductions (p < 0.05-0.001) in the fresh egg albumin-induced acute inflammation of the rat hind paw oedema. However, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the plant's extract were found to be approximately 10-15 times less than that of diclofenac. In one set of experiments involving hypoglycaemic/antidiabetic evaluation of the plant's extract, graded doses of Sclerocarya birrea stem-bark aqueous extract (SBE, 25-800 mg/kg p. o.) were separately administered to groups of fasted normal and fasted diabetic rats. In another set of experiments, a single dose of the plant's aqueous extract (SBE, 800 mg/kg p. o.) was used. The hypoglycaemic effect of this single dose of Sclerocarya birrea stem-bark aqueous extract (SBE, 800 mg/kg p. o.) was compared with that of chlorpropamide (250 mg/kg p. o.) in both fasted normal and fasted streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic rats. Following acute treatment, relatively moderate to high doses of Sclerocarya birrea stem-bark aqueous extract (SBE, 25-800 mg/kg p. o.) produced dose-dependent, significant reductions (p < 0.05-0.001) in the blood glucose concentrations of both fasted normal and fasted diabetic rats. Chlorpropamide (250 mg/kg p. o.) also produced significant reductions (p < 0.05-0.001) in the blood glucose concentrations of the fasted normal and fasted diabetic rats. Administration of the single dose of Sclerocarya birrea stem-bark aqueous extract (SBE, 800 mg/kg p. o.) significantly reduced (p < 0.01-0.001) the blood glucose levels of both fasted normal (normoglycaemic) and fasted STZ-treated, diabetic rats. The results of this experimental animal study indicate that Sclerocarya birrea stem-bark aqueous extract possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic properties. These experimental findings lend pharmacological support to the suggested folkloric uses of the plant's stem-bark in the management and/or control of pain, inflammatory conditions, and adult-onset, type-2 diabetes mellitus in some communities of South Africa.
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PMID:Evaluation of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. stem-bark aqueous extract in mice and rats. 1547 10

The fruit of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) [Fabaceae] is frequently used in Tropical African traditional medicine for the management and/or control of an array of human ailments, including arthritis and other inflammatory conditions, asthma, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, epilepsy, schistosomiasis, and so on. The present study was undertaken to examine the anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) fruit aqueous extract in rats. Fresh egg albumin-induced pedal oedema and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus were used as experimental test models of inflammation and diabetes. Diclofenac (DIC, 100mg/kg p.o.) and chlorpropamide (250 mg/kg p.o.) were employed as reference anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic agents, respectively, for comparison. Tetrapleura tetraptera (TTE, 50-800 mg/kg p.o.) produced dose-related, significant reductions (P < 0.05-0.001) of the fresh egg albumin-induced acute inflammation of the rat hind paw oedema. The plant extract (TTE, 50-800 mg/kg p.o.) also produced dose-dependent, significant reductions (P < 0.05-0.001) in the blood glucose concentrations of both fasted normal and fasted diabetic rats. The results of this experimental animal study indicate that T. tetraptera fruit aqueous extract possesses anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic properties. These findings lend pharmacological credence to the suggested folkloric uses of the plant's fruit in the management and/or control of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions, as well as in adult-onset, type-2 diabetes mellitus in some Yoruba-speaking communities of South-Western Nigeria.
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PMID:Anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) [Fabaceae] fruit aqueous extract in rats. 1550 33

A 76-year-old man with liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus was admitted to our hospital because of bacterial meningoencephalitis. He had eaten raw fish 2 days before onset. He also developed septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, adult respiratory distress syndrome and panophthalmitis of the right eye. Vibrio vulnificus was isolated from the blood culture. Extensive therapy including antibiotics and nafamostat methylate, resulted in full recovery except for right blindness. The necrotizing fasciitis, which is common with Vibrio vulnificus infection, had not been complicated in this patient.
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PMID:[A patient with Vibrio vulnificus meningoencephalitis]. 1571 95

Necrotizing fasciitis and purpura fulminans are two destructive infections that involve both skin and soft tissue. Necrotizing fasciitis is characterized by widespread necrosis of subcutaneous tissue and the fascia. Historically, group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus has been identified as a major cause of this infection. However, this monomicrobial infection is usually associated with some underlying cause, such as diabetes mellitus. During the last two decades, scientists have found that the pathogenesis of necrotizing fasciitis is polymicrobial. The diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis must be made as soon as possible by examining the skin inflammatory changes. Magnetic resonance imaging is strongly recommended to detect the presence of air within the tissues. Percutaneous aspiration of the soft tissue infection followed by prompt Gram staining should be conducted with the "finger-test" and rapid-frozen section biopsy examination. Intravenous antibiotic therapy is one of the cornerstones of managing this life-threatening skin infection. Surgery is the primary treatment for necrotizing fasciitis, with early surgical fasciotomy and debridement. Following debridement, skin coverage by either Integra Dermal Regeneration Template or AlloDerm should be undertaken. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy complemented by intravenous polyspecific immunoglobulin are useful adjunctive therapies. Purpura fulminans is a rare syndrome of intravascular thrombosis and hemorrhagic infarction of the skin; it is rapidly progressive and accompanied by vascular collapse. There are three types of purpura fulminans: neonatal purpura fulminans, idiopathic or chronic purpura fulminans, and acute infectious purpura fulminans. Clinical presentation of purpura fulminans involves a premonitory illness followed by the rapid development of a septic syndrome with fever, shock, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The diagnosis and treatment of these conditions is best accomplished in a regional burn center in which management of multiple organ failure can be conducted with aggressive debridement and fasciotomy of the necrotic skin. The newest revolutionary advancement in the treatment of neonatal purpura fulminans is the use of activated protein C.
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PMID:Massive soft tissue infections: necrotizing fasciitis and purpura fulminans. 1571 17

South Africa is blessed with a rich floral biodiversity of medicinally useful plants. One such plant is Harpagophytum procumbens DC (Family: Pedaliaceae). H. procumbens is widely used in South African traditional medicine for the treatment, management and/or control of a variety of human ailments. In the present study, the analgesic effect of H. procumbens secondary root aqueous extract was evaluated in mice, using the 'hot-plate' and 'acetic acid' test methods; while the antiinflammatory and antidiabetic effects of the plant's secondary root extract were investigated in rats. Fresh egg albumin-induced pedal oedema and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus were used as experimental test models of inflammation and diabetes Diclofenac (DIC, 100 mg/kg i.p.) was used as a reference analgesic and antiinflammatory agent for comparison. Chlorpropamide (250 mg/kg p.o.) was used as a reference hypoglycaemic agent for comparison. H. procumbens root aqueous extract (HPE, 50-800 mg/kg i.p.) produced significant (p < 0.05-0.001) analgesic effects against thermally and chemically induced nociceptive pain stimuli in mice. H. procumbens root extract (HPE, 50-800 mg/kg i.p.) also produced dose-related, significant reductions (p < 0.05-0.001) of the fresh egg albumin-induced acute inflammation of the rat hind paw oedema. Furthermore, the plant extract (HPE, 50-800 mg/kg i.p.) produced dose-dependent, significant reductions (p < 0.05-0.001) in the blood glucose concentrations of both fasted normal and fasted diabetic rats. The results of this experimental animal study indicate that H. procumbens root aqueous extract possesses analgesic, antiinflammatory and hypoglycaemic properties, and lend pharmacological support to the suggested folklore uses of Harpagophytum procumbens root in the management and/or control of painful, arthritic and other inflammatory conditions, as well as for adult-onset, type-2 diabetes mellitus in some communities of South Africa.
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PMID:Analgesic, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic properties of Harpagophytum procumbens DC (Pedaliaceae) secondary root aqueous extract. 1574 43


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