Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Guanylate cyclase is found in virtually all cells, but its physiologic role and the effect of hormones on its activity have not been clarified. Hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase activity (37,000 g supernatant) in rats with diabetes-mellitus-like syndrome induced by streptozotocin, 65 mg./kg. i.v., was 140 +/- 8 pmoles accumulated/mg. protein/10 min. (n = 13 rats) as against 279 +/- 16 pmoles accumulated/mg. protein/10 min. (n = 12 rats) in normal rats. The average blood sugar for the 12 normal rats was 100 +/- 4 mg./100 ml. and 546 +/- 32 mg./100 ml. for 13 diabetic rats. The decreased soluble hepatic guanylate cyclase activity in diabetic rats was completely restored to normal with 10 U. regular insulin, i.p. The maximum increase in guanylate cyclase activity was observed as early as five minutes and as late as two hours after insulin administration. Insulin restoration of guanylate cyclase was dose-related over a range of 1 U. to 10 U., i.p. Hepatic cyclic GMP levels in vivo paralleled in-vitro guanylate cyclase activity, being 29 +/- 0.4 pmoles/gm. wet weight in normals, 17 +/- 0.4 pmoles/gm. wet weight in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, and 38 +/- 0.4 pmoles/gm. wet weight two hours after the injection of 10 U. regular insulin. We conclude that rat hepatic guanylate cyclase is decreased in streptozotocin-induced diabetes and that insulin modulates this enzyme. The administration of exogenous insulin in normal animals did not further augment hepatic guanylate cyclase activity.
Diabetes 1977 Apr
PMID:Decreased rat hepatic guanylate cyclase activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. 1 59

1. Membrane-bound (particulate) and soluble amino acid 2-naphthylamidases (EC 3.5.1.-) were present in subcellular fractions of epidermis from pig and human. 2. The particulate enzymes exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with Km 5.1x10(-5) (pig) and Km 7.3x10(-5)M (human) for the substrate L-leucine 2-naphthylamide. They were inhibited by puromycin and partially inhibited by EDTA. They did not require heavy metals and were not inhibited by thiol-group-blocking agents. Their pH optima were 7.0 (human) and 6.6 (pig). The particulate enzyme from pig epidermis retained 50% activity after 30 min at 70 degrees C. 3. The soluble amino acid 2-naphthylamidases gave sigmoidal curves for reaction velocity versus substrate concentration, and the kinetic data suggested that there was positive co-operativity between binding sites. This co-operativity was lost after treatment with 0.1mM-p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and the enzymes showed first-order kinetics at low substrate concentrations. The soluble enzymes were inhibited by puromycin and by thiol-group-blocking agents and activated by dithiothreitol. They were inactivated above 60 degrees C and lost activity on storage, but this could be restored with dithiothreitol. 4. The amino acid 2-naphthylamidases of human epidermis were much more active (2.5 times) towards L-alanine 2-naphthylamide than towards the commonly used substrate L-leucine 2-naphthylamide. 5. The kinetics of both the solube and particulate enzymes from epidermis of some elderly patients with either diabetes or ischaemia showed some differences from the kinetics of enzymes from healthy epidermis from younger individuals.
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PMID:Studies on the soluble and membrane-bound amino acid 2-naphthylamidases in pig and human epidermis. 1 53

The relation between serum and red blood cell (RBC) inorganic phosphate levels, RBC 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels, RBC nucleotide phosphate (Pn), and RBC total phosphate (Pt) levels were studied during the early phases of treatment and recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). A steady drop in serum inorganic phosphate was found during the first 24 hours of insulin treatment and was most profound at 24 hours. No statistically significant changes (P less than 0.05) were found in red cell inorganic phosphate or nucleotide phosphate levels during the 24-hour study period. The levels of total red cell phosphate were lower in this group of patients than in nonacidotic diabetic subjects and decreased slightly after 24 hours of treatment. The red cell 2,3-DPG levels were low at the initiation of therapy and remained low during the 24-hour study period. Glucose, bicarbonate, lactate, and ketone levels fell in linear patterns with treatment. In view of the current evidence for the effects of low 2,3-DPG on oxygen delivery and the relation of low serum phosphate levels to RBC glycolysis and 2,3-DPG formation, this study reemphasizes the need for phosphate replacement during the early phases of treatment of DKA.
Diabetes 1977 May
PMID:2,3-diphosphoglycerate, nucleotide phosophate, and organic and inorganic phosphate levels during the early phases of diabetic ketoacidosis. 1 18

The typical location of diabetic osteoarthropathy is the foot. Involvement of other joints is rare. In the case treated by the author, the osteoarthropathy of the ankle and knee joints presented at the same time. The process healed in the ankle joint by grave deformity and arthrosis deformans resulted in the knee joint. If arthrosis appears in an unusual location, it is worth while to look for diabetes.
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PMID:[Diabetic osteoarthropathy of rare localization]. 1 81

The diverticulosis of the gastrointestinal tract is a widespread senile disease. The dependence of the diverticulosis on age is investigated on the basis of 1 000 proven cases of this disease. The importance of the anatomicomorphological lesions of the organs at old age as its cause is pointed out. The males seem to be affected by the diverticulosis somewhat more than the females, whereas its percental manifestation in the different organs is about equal for both sexes. It prevails in the colon with 48.4% and in the duodenum with 35.4% of all cases of organ diverticulosis. The existence of constitutional associations with other diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, is discussed. Finally, the therapeutic problems of the diverticulitis and their dependence on age are examined.
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PMID:[Dependence of diverticulosis on age (author's transl)]. 1 32

Untrained grown-up and old rats with a mild Streptozotocin-diabetes show in i.v. glucose tolerance test a pathological glucose assimilation and diminished insulin secretion in comparison to control rats of the same age after a maximal run-stress. Trained rats show a different behaviour in glucose tolerance test depending on their age and seriousness of diabetes: Glucose tolerance is improved in grown-up rats with a mild diabetes and unchanged in old rats. Six-week run-training causes a significant deterioration of glucose tolerance in rats with a medium seriously Streptozotocin-diabetes and even leads to death of old rats because of decompensated metabolism. Grown-up rats with a mild diabetes stand run-stress after run-training better than the old ones. No animal with a medium seriously diabetes survives maximal run-stress, old rats don't even survive the slowly increasing run-training. - These results confirm the dualistic effect of muscular work. Metabolism of mild diabetes becomes better through muscular exertion the one of medium diabetes gets worse. Therefore a good effect of run-training is measurable only in grown-up rats not in old ones.
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PMID:[Investigations about the effect of run-training and run-stress on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion with ageing streptozotocin-diabetic rats (author's transl)]. 1 41

In the lens, disorders of the metabolism occur, and, with them, active permeability (the cation pump with uptake of K and release of Na) changes to passive permeability and consequently Na ions enter with water. As a result, the lens increases in weight and a subcapsular (permeability) cataract develops. It is shown that the cattle lens in vitro increases in weight the lower the pH (6.5 greater than 7.5 greater than 8.5) of the surrounding fluid becomes. In a further experiment, 1 ml of buffered liquids with different pH were injected into the anterior chamber of the eyes of freshly slaughtered cattle. Here, too, the mechanically undamaged, untouched lens increased in weight more greatly as the pH (5.5 greater than 6.5 greater than 7.5 greater than 8.5) of the injected fluid was lowered. The significance of the lowering of the pH, e.g., in local inflammation (iritis, cyclitis, retinitis, etc.) or general acidoses (diabetes mellitus, galactosemia, hunger, extracorporeal circulation for atrophic kidney. Albright-, Love-, Fanconi-syndrome) for the appearance of incipient subcapsular clouding of the lens is pointed out.
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PMID:[Lens changes occuring as a result of lowered pH (acidosis) (author's transl)]. 1 65

Acid-base status was studied in 30 diabetic mothers and their infants and in 30 healthy mothers and their babies after general or spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. A normal acid-base state was found for the diabetic subjects following general or spinal anesthesia. However, the infants of diabetic mothers given spinal anesthesia had an average pH of 7.20 and a base excess value of -5.67 mEq/l in umbilical-artery blood at delivery. These values were significantly lower than those observed in the infants of the other groups, where the average pH was between 7.28 and 7.30 and the base excess between -1.87 mEq/l and 1.00 mEq/l. These findings were significantly related to maternal diabetes and maternal hypotension.
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PMID:Acid-base status in diabetic mothers and their infants following general or spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. 1 53

The effect of experimental diabetes on hepatic drug metabolism was studied in male Holtzman rats. Treatment of animals with streptozotocin and 6-aminonicotinamide, both agents which produce an insulin-deficient animal, caused prolongation of hexobarbital sleeping times and inhibition of the rate of metabolism of both hexobarbital and, to a lesser extent, aniline in vitro. Treatment of animals with N-methylacetamide, a diabetogen which does not cause insulin deficiency in the animal but rather produces an insulin-resistant state, did not affect the metabolism in vitro of either hexobarbital or aniline. Neither insulin nor any of the diabetogenic agents had any direct effect on drug metabolism in vitro. Furthermore, hepatic microsomal protein and cytochrome P-450 contents were not significantly different in any of the diabetic animals from those of the control animals. Hyperglycemia produced by glucose infusion did not affect the metabolism of hexobarbital in vitro. The effects of streptozotocin and 6-aminonicotinamide appeared to be at least partially due to the presence of an inhibitor in the liver cytosol which correlated with elevated hepatic cyclic AMP concentrations.
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PMID:Effect of experimental diabetes on drug metabolism in the rat. 1 20

Inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin release by exogenous insulin has been demonstrated in pancreatic islets to be associated with a decrease of the NADPH/NADP ratio and the pentose-phosphate cycle activity. Batches of five islets were incubated for 15 and 90 minutes in 1 ml. of KRB buffer with 2 per cent albumin containing 3 mg./ml. glucose and 0, 200, 400, or 800 microU./ml. of rat insulin, and the glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and 6-phosphogluconate (6PG) contents were determined by enzymatic cycling. In response to a rise in the concentration of insulin, the 6PG/G6P ratio decreased. A close relationship was observed between this decrease of 6PG/G6P ratio and the net insulin release, the absolute rate of glucose oxidation via the pentose phosphate cycle, and the NADPH/NADP ratios measured under similar conditions. The results suggest that exogenous insulin, directly or indirectly, regulates the pentose cycle activity in the pancreatic islets at the G6P dehydrogenase step.
Diabetes 1977 Sep
PMID:6-Phosphogluconate/glucose-6-phosphate ratio in rat pancreatic islets during inhibition of insulin release by exogenous insulin. 1 30


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