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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The use of oral contraceptives should at all times be under physician's control. Most contraindications and complications from oral contraceptives are now a thing of the past, when higher doses were prescribed. However oral contraceptives are still responsible for many side effects and complications. Some of these are gastrointestinal problems; menstruation disorders, such as spotting or amenorrhea; decreased libido; increase in body weight; mastodynia; blood coagulation effects; lipid and carbohydrate metabolic effects; ophthalmological and dermatological problems; and, possibly, an increase in susceptibility to some infectious diseases. Patients with hypertension; with heart or hepatic diseases; with a history of family thrombolic accidents; with diabetes; or hyperthyroidism should utilize another form of contraception. Oral contraceptives are totally contraindicated for obese or emotionally depressed people, for pregnant or nursing mothers, for women with uterine or breast cancer, and for adolescents.
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PMID:[Principle complications and contraindications of the use of oral contraceptives]. 15 84

The mortality in listeric meningitis and septicaemia, the two main clinical manifestations of the infection, is generally considered to be high. However, co-existing disorders rather than the listeric infection itself seem to determine the outcome. In the present study of 72 listeric infections among non-pregnant adults, 28 patients without co-existing disease had a fatality rate of 10.7% as compared to 57.9% among 19 immunocompromised individuals. Finally, in a third group of listeric patients, including alcoholics and people with heart disease or diabetes mellitus, the fatality rate was 24.0%.
Infection 1979
PMID:Outcome of Listeria monocytogenes infection in compromised and non-compromised adults; a comparative study of seventy-two cases. 43 92

Impairment of cell-mediated immunity has been described in chemically-induced as well as mutation diabetes in the mouse. The present report examines the host-parasite relationship during the acute phase of schistosomiasis mansoni in the mutation diabetic mouse (db/db). Cercarial penetration and maturation and egg output by adult worms were similar in the db/db mice and their littermate controls (db/+). In contrast, the pathological consequences of schistosomiasis were much less in the db/db mice. The mean liver weight computed as a percentage of body weight in db/db mice was 4.6 +/- 0.2 and following 8 weeks of infection it was 5.7 +/- 0.3 (difference is not statistically significant), whereas in infected db/+ mice it was 7.2 +/- 0.5. Infection in db/+ mice increased their mean portal pressure by 124% in contrast to an increase of only 12% in db/db animals. The most striking difference was noted in the mean granuloma diameter in the liver: 402 +/- 35 micrometer in db/+ in comparison to 147 +/- 10 micrometer in db/db mice (P less than 0.001). This study demonstrates the crucial role of the host granulomatous response in the causation of disease due to Schistosoma mansoni. Furthermore, it underlines the decreased pathological consequences when the host granulomatous response is suppressed, which can be compared to the response of modulated animals with chronic schistosomiasis.
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PMID:Host-parasite relationship in schistosomiasis mansoni in the mutation diabetic mouse (db/db). 45 35

Diabetic myelopathy occurred in 41% of 75 consecutive, unselected diabetic patients in an autopsy study; clinical peripheral neuropathy occurred in 13%, and histologic radiculopathy in 21%. Infection represented 2.7% of the cord lesions. Posterior column demyelination, seen in 27%, apparently has the same metabolic-toxic origin as diabetic neuropathy and radiculopathy; it is an independent lesion, not a secondary manifestation of peripheral demyelination. It occurs slightly more frequently in those with juvenile-onset diabetes. Spinal cord infarcts, seen in 19%, are related to anteriolar sclerosis of the intrinsic vessels of the spinal cord. They have a higher incidence in diabetics than in a nondiabetic aging population, show a predilection for the white matter, and are usually small. The myelopathy is not related to patient age or duration of diabetes. It is often clinically occult.
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PMID:Diabetic myelopathy. 58 Nov 51

Although the nature of firefighting involves particular health hazards, previous mortality and morbidity studies of firemen have produced inconsistent evidence for an increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer and accidents. Mortality experience since 1915 has been examined in 5655 Boston firefighters, comprising all male members of the city fire department with three or more years of service. The observed cause of death as stated on the death certificates of 2470 deceased firefighters has been compared with the numbers expected based on rates for the male population of Massachusetts and of the United States of America. Among all firefighters, deaths from all causes were 91% of expected. The standardised mortality ratio (SMR) was markedly reduced (less than 50) for infectious disease, diabetes, rheumatic heart disease, chronic nephritis, blood diseases and suicide. The SMR was 86 for cardiovascular deaths, 83 for neoplastic deaths, and 93 for respiratory deaths. The SMR for accidents was 135 for active firefighters. The results suggest that the survival experience of firefighters is strongly influenced by strict entry selection procedures, ethnic derivation, and sociocultural attributes of membership. While excessive morbidity has been demonstrated in firefighters, there does not appear to be a strong association between occupation and cause-specific mortality.
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PMID:Mortality among Boston firefighters, 1915--1975. 65 33

The proposition that lifestyle is a major determinant of community health is explored by contrasting the features of a rural subsistence community in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and the features of the community in urbanized, industrialized Australia. Reference is made to differences in physical environment, housing, work, social situation, human relationships, patterns of disease, population statistics, diet, growth, obesity, physical fitness, blood lipid concentrations, blood pressure, salt intake and the occurrence of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and signs of degenerative changes in various tissues. The Papua New Guinea community is seen as a self-reliant, self-contained, socially cohesive subsistence society whose members are well adapted to their physical and social environment, free from major degenerative cardiovascular diseases, with little overt psychiatric illness, but with a heavy burden of infectious disease, with marginal nutritional levels of degenerative disease and disease from psychological stress. It is clear that health, in its fullest sense, is not the prerogative of any one type of society.
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PMID:Lifestyle, health and disease: a comparison between Papua New Guinea and Australia. 73 10

Studies of family practice in Wisconsin and elsewhere show that the clinical content of family practice has about 20 to 45 patient contacts per day and about two to six diagnoses per patient contact. Seventy-five percent of patient contacts are in the office and on the telephone, 15 to 20 percent in the hospital, and 5 to 10 percent elsewhere. There is a broad array of patient problems. Special Conditions and Examinations Without Illness contain the largest number of patient problems. About 60 percent of patients are female and present more endocrine and genitourinary problems. Men present more trauma, circulatory, and respiratory problems, and less health maintenance care. Well-baby and well-child examinations stop at age 15 years. Pre and postnatal care decline sharply at age 35 years, at which time surgical care increases. Infectious disease and trauma, ranking high in the young, are low in the elderly. Circulatory problems, obesity, diabetes, and arthritis increase greatly with age. There is no major difference in type of patient problems related to town size (ie, population). However, comparative studies may uncover different disease occurrence rates between regions.
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PMID:A study of family practice in Wisconsin. 75 39

Patients with end-stage renal failure shouldn't be denied the only possibility of cure just because they're old or have other chronic diseases. In this study of 69 patients over age 50-the largest series reported from a single medical center-kidney transplants from related donors had the same high rate of success as in younger patients. Over 80 percent of the patients who received kidneys from their children or siblings are still alive, in contrast to 52 percent of those who had to settle for a cadaver kidney. Infection posed the most serious hazard after surgery. Late complications, particularly hypertension and diabetes, were easily controoled and by no means debilitating. Four of the survivors still need hemodialysis, but over two-thirds have recovered completely.
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PMID:Kidney transplants in patients over 50. 78 13

Glucagon is secreted not only by A2-cells of the pancreatic islets but also by A cells in the gastric fundus and duodenum. Several reports have demonstrated that the glucagon plasma concentration is increased in genetic diabetes as well as in many conditions associated with a decreased glucose tolerance such as hepatic cirrhosis, myocardial infarction, infectious diseases, burns, taumatic shock, glucagonomas, acute pancreatitis, acromegaly, pheochromacytoma and Cushing's syndrome. Hyperglucagonemia is particularly important in diabetic ketoacidosis and in non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma. The mechanisms responsible for the diabetic's hyperglucagonemia remain controversial. According to several authors, the increased glucagon secretion is, for its main part, secondary to a prolonged defect in insulin secretion and thus relatively insensitive to an acute insulin administration. According to others, the A cell abnormality is of primary origin, independant from insulin deficiency and its effects are cumulative with those of the insulin lack. Several reports dealing with induced or spontaneous experimental diabetes are in favor of the first or the second hypothesis. It appears likely that glucagon plays a role in the metabolic derangments of diabetes. Indeed, hepatic glucose production is closely related to the ratio of molar concentrations of insulin and glucagon. Finally, in insulin-dependant diabetics, somatostatin infusion reduces plasma glucagon concentration and blood glucose and prevents the development of ketosis after withdrawal of insulin therapy. These results illustrate the contribution of glucagon in the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia and ketosis. Several arguments have been accumulated in favor of the following concept: diabetes hyperglycemia results both from glucose under-utilization secondary to insulin lack and from hepatic glucose over-production due to glucagon excess. Although controversial, the role of glucagon in ketogenesis appears likely.
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PMID:[The role of glucagon in hyperglycemia. A review (author's transl)]. 79 28

In spite of a history of more than 100 years, the pathoaetiology of multiple sclerosis is still unknown today. Research is based on three working hypotheses, i.e. on an immunopathological disease origin, on the conception that MS, as an infectious disease, is caused by a specific pathogen (slow virus infection) and on the assumption of a disturbance of basal metabolism or utilisation. The present position of the scientific foundation of the working hypotheses is presented in detail and supplemented by the results of our own investigations. Of particular interest are the geomedical studies which show that MS occurs more frequently in temperate climatic regions. In Europe, a latitude of 46 degrees forms a conspicuous boundary; in the USA this boundary is found at 38 degrees. North of this line there is a morbidity rate of 30 to 60 patients per 100 000 inhabitants, while south of it 15 cases at most per 100 000 inhibitants are found. Asia, especially in China and Japan, and tropical countries, where Multiple Sclerosis is practically unknown in the native populations, are exceptions. The observation that immigrants from areas with a low MS incidence into regions with a high risk of MS fall ill with the disease after years remains also unexplained. These peculiarities have given rise to the consideration whether there is a still unknown factor in the soil of high-risk areas or a specific pathogenic spectrum. In this connection, the question is also discussed whether the risk of MS in northern countries is associated with the excessive consumption of animal fat. The possible therapeutic and prophylactic significance of unsaturated fatty acids is emphasized. Our own results with the Schilling-test, determination of gastric acids, rubella titres in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, the immunofluorescence test of the serum and CSF, determination of tissue antigens (HLA) in families with multiple incidence of Multiple Sclerosis are discussed. On evaluation of a large series of patients, it is striking that Multiple Sclerosis and juvenile diabetes seem to be mutually exclusive (Schrader). Likewise, in MS statistics no other immunopathologic disease such as rheumatic diseases or bronchial asthma was found. Interestingly, also in 400 MS patients examined, hyperuricaemia or gout, which are widespread among the populace, were not found in a single case.
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PMID:[Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Work-hypotheses and experimental data]. 84 79


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